Permanent URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/q237hr93r
Louis Fischer Papers, 1890-1977 (bulk 1935-1969): Finding Aid
MC024
Louis Fischer, 1943
These papers were processed with the generous support of George Fischer.
65 Olden Street
Princeton, New Jersey 08540 USA
Phone: 609-258-6345
Fax: 609-258-3385
mudd@princeton.edu
http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd
Published in 2001
©2006 Princeton University Library
Summary Information
- Creator:
- Fischer, Louis, 1896-1970.
- Title and dates:
- Louis Fischer Papers, 1890-1977 (bulk 1935-1969)
- Abstract:
- The Louis Fischer Papers include correspondence, interviews, articles and notes, lectures and speeches, photographs, and audiovisual materials that document his life as a journalist, writer, and commentator on international affairs. They also include the papers of his wife, Bertha Markoosha Fischer, an author in her own right, as well as family correspondence and papers. In the latter part of his life Fischer was affiliated with of the Institute for Advanced Study (1959-1961) and Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (1961-1969).
- Size:
- 29.4 linear feet (50 archival boxes, 14 8x10 photo boxes, 1 11x14 photo box, 1 14x18 photo box and 2 custom boxes)
- Call number:
- MC024
- Location:
- Princeton University Library. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.
Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library.
Public Policy Papers.
Princeton, New Jersey 08540 USA - Language(s) of material:
- The majority of the materials are written in English, but certain correspondence is in German, Russian, Hebrew, or French. Some of the articles are translations for foreign papers and journals.
- Storage note:
- This collection is stored onsite at the Mudd Manuscript Library.
Biography of Louis Fischer
Louis Fischer was born on February 29, 1896 in Philadelphia, son of David, a fish and fruit peddler, and Shifrah (nee Kantzapolsky). He attended the Philadelphia School of Pedagogy (affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania) from 1914 to 1916, then taught public school. From 1917 to 1920 he served as a volunteer in the Jewish Legion, a military unit recruited by the British army and spent 15 months in Palestine (1919-1920). After this military service, he worked for a brief period for a news agency in New York where he met the Russian-born Bertha “Markoosha” Mark (1890?-1977). Markoosha had been in New York since late 1916, first as a pianist touring with a group of Russian musicians; then holding various secretarial and translator jobs, sometimes working for Soviet government officials.
In 1921 Markoosha went to Berlin, Germany, to work for a former Soviet employer. Louis joined her a few months later. Aiming to get journalistic experience, he started contributing to the New York Evening Post as a European correspondent. In early 1922 he moved to Moscow. Markoosha, who had been working as an interpreter to Soviet delegations at conferences in Genoa and the Hague, joined him in September. In November, they married. Shortly thereafter, Markoosha returned to Berlin, while Louis stayed in Moscow. Their son George was born in May 1923, followed by Victor one year later. Markoosha stayed in Berlin with the boys until 1927, when she started working for the new Jewish farm colonies in the Ukraine. It was not until 1928, after Markoosha and the boys moved to Moscow, that the Fischers lived under one roof, though Louis often traveled thereafter.
Louis had been working for The Nation as special European correspondent since 1923, and contributing articles to foreign papers, often selling the same article more than once. To supplement his earnings, Fischer traveled to the United States every year to give lectures on the Soviet Union. While living in Moscow, he sympathized strongly with the Soviet regime. In 1926 his first book, Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum, was published; it described the international struggle for Russian petroleum concessions. The two-volume study The Soviets in World Affairs (1930) followed and became a standard reference in its day. Between 1931 and 1935, he published three more books on the Soviet Union. In 1936, the year of Stalin's first purge trial, Fischer went to Spain to report on the Spanish Civil War, where he was an active supporter of the Republican anti-fascist regime, and briefly joined the International Brigades.
In 1938 Fischer decided not to return to the Soviet Union. However, Markoosha and the boys, still living in Moscow as Soviet citizens, were denied permission to leave the country until Eleanor Roosevelt personally intervened. Reunited in the United States in spring 1939, the family first settled in New York—although Louis chose to live by himself in a hotel. Very soon it was obvious that their marriage was over, but until the late 1950s Louis and Markoosha stayed in close touch, visited and wrote each other, often met with the children together, and commented on each other's manuscripts. They never divorced.
Louis encouraged Markoosha to write, and her autobiography, My Lives in Russia, appeared in 1944. In it, she tried to explain the life of the Russian people and the early appeal of Communism to her. She wrote articles and reviews, two novels (1948 and 1956), and in 1962 Reunion in Moscow, a Russian Revisits Her Country. In 1948-1949 she returned to Germany, working in displaced persons camps for the International Rescue and Relief Committee (IRRC). In 1949, because of ill health, she declined to work as a translator at the Nuremberg trials. However, she worked again for the IRRC in 1950-1951.
In 1941 Louis's Men and Politics: An Autobiography appeared, an account of the developments in Europe between the two World Wars, and his personal encounters with politicians, correspondents, and political activists. During the Second World War, Fischer continued to report on European politics, but he also became interested in the cause of Indian independence. A guest of Mohandas Gandhi in 1942, he soon authored A Week with Gandhi (1942). He traveled to India several more times and his biography The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (1950) was the basis of the film Gandhi (1982).
Fischer's other major field of interest remained the Soviet Union and its foreign policy. His first new book after his family moved to the United States appeared in 1940 and dealt with the Nazi-Bolshevik Pact of 1939. In Communist and some left wing circles he was criticized for disloyalty to the Soviet Union. In June 1945 he broke publicly with The Nation, with which he had been associated for 22 years, accusing them of a ‘misleading' representation of current events, and employing double standards, especially concerning the Soviet Union. He began writing for small anti-Communist liberal magazines such as The Progressive, as a foreign correspondent and commentator on international politics, focusing on Europe and Asia, especially Communism in the Soviet Union and China; imperialism; and the problems of emerging nations. He was one of two American contributors to The God That Failed (1949), an autobiographical collection of essays written by ex-Communists and disillusioned fellow travelers. Fischer took offense when he was labeled an ex-Communist, because he had never joined a Communist Party, having only been sympathetic to the Soviet cause. In a note for a biographical entry, he referred to himself as a “left-of-center liberal who favors drastic social reform to improve living conditions” and an “active anti-imperialist.” He was also called a “liberal internationalist,” and his critical but utilitarian-humanitarian beliefs placed him among those liberals who have been called “believing skeptics.” His publications about the Soviet Union include studies of Soviet foreign relations and biographies of Stalin (1952) and Lenin (1964), the latter winning the National Book Award. (A complete list of his books can be found in the Appendix.)
Fischer's life of free-lance writing, lecturing and extensive traveling settled down with his appointment as a research associate at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in December 1958. In 1961 he became a lecturer at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, where he taught Soviet-American relations and Soviet foreign politics, until his death on January 15, 1970.
Description
This collection consists of correspondence, interviews, articles, notes, lectures, speeches, photographs, and audiovisual materials that document Fischer’s life as a journalist, writer, commentator on international affairs, and a founder of the Liberal Party (1944). The collection includes the papers of Fischer’s wife, Bertha "Markoosha" Mark Fischer, as well as family correspondence and papers. General correspondence focuses on the Soviet Union, India, and Spain during the Spanish Civil War and is primarily personal in nature. Notable correspondents and interviewees include Svetlana Allilueva, Georgii Chicherin, Jawarhalal Nehru, Eleanor Roosevelt, President Sukarno of Indonesia, Josep Broz Tito, Sumner Welles, and Fischer℗s sons, George and Victor. Fischer’s service in Palestine, early attempts at making his 1950 book on Gandhi into a motion picture, his ideas for undermining Stalin’s position in Soviet public opinion, and his early life and life in Princeton are well documented. Other important correspondence documents Fischer’s impressions of interviewees, his involvement in the Spanish Civil War, and relationships with publishers and the media. Writings contain Fischer’s articles for magazines and lectures, speeches, reviews and notes. Interviews and conversations are with politicians and groups of people Fischer met in his overseas travel. Financial and administrative records include tax returns and appointment books. Clippings and reviews document Fischer’s public life and book reviews. Miscellaneous items relate to Fischer’s life and include his early research papers on the Soviet Union. Photographs and films document Fischer’s early work and travel and the Fischer family, and sound recordings include Fischer’s talks and interviews.
The Markoosha Fischer Papers document her life in Europe as well as her time in the United States and include family and other correspondence, writings, and personal materials. Notably, Markoosha℗s papers contain material relating to her own books, which were based on her experiences in the Soviet Union and in Germany where she worked in displaced persons camps for the International Rescue and Relief Committee (IRRC) between 1948 and 1951. Her unpublished manuscripts include a full account of her experiences as a secretary and translator at the 1922 Genoa Conference, with a description of the Russian officials she met.
Arrangement
Organized into the following series:
- Series 1: General Correspondence, 1919-1970
- Series 2: Subject Correspondence, 1936-1969
- Series 3: Writings, 1921-1970
- Series 4: Interviews and Conversations, 1928-1967
- Series 5: Financial and Administrative Records, 1896-1970
- Series 6: Clippings and Reviews, 1926-1969
- Subseries 1A: Press Clippings, 1927-1969
- Subseries 1B: Book Reviews, 1926-1969
- Series 7: Memorabilia and Miscellaneous, 1914-1969
- Series 8: Markoosha Fischer Papers, 1931-1977
- Subseries 1A: Correspondence, 1931-1977
- Subseries 1B: Writings, 1940-1967, undated
- Subseries 1C: Personal Materials, 1940-1977
- Series 9: Family Papers, 1922-1978
- Subseries 1A: Family Correspondence, 1929-1977
- Subseries 1B: Miscellaneous Family Papers, 1922-1978
- Series 10: Photographs, circa 1890-1977
- Series 11: Audiovisual and Oversize Items, 1921-1970
Access and Use
Access
Collection is open for research use.
Restrictions on Use and Copyright Information
Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Curator of the Public Policy Papers. Any copyright vested in Louis Fischer has passed to Princeton University; researchers are responsible for determining any other copyright questions.
Acquisition and Appraisal
Provenance and Acquisition
The papers were donated by George and Victor Fischer in 1970, following the wishes of their father. The papers of Markoosha Fischer, including family papers, were added after her death in 1977.
Processing and Other Information
Works Cited
- Fischer, Louis. Men and Politics, An Autobiography. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1940.
- Fischer, Markoosha. My Lives in Russia. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1944.
- Raucher, Alan. “Beyond the God that Failed: Louis Fischer, Liberal Internationalist”. The Historian 44, No. 2 (1982): 174-189.
Processing Information
This collection was processed by Helene van Rossum in 2000, with the assistance of Desmond Dorsey '99, Bev Prewitt '02, Lindsey Tripp '04. Finding aid written by Helene van Rossum in 2000.
Descriptive Rules Used
Finding aid content adheres to that prescribed by Describing Archives: A Content Standard.
Encoding
Machine-readable finding aid encoded in EAD 2002 by Techbooks and Cristela García-Spitz on December 23, 2006.
Finding aid written in English.
Preferred Citation
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Louis Fischer Papers, Box and Folder Number; Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
Subject Headings
These materials have been indexed in the Princeton University Library online catalog using the following terms. Those seeking related materials should search under these terms.
- Allilueva, Svetlana, 1925- -- Correspondence.
- Chicherin, G. (Georgii?), 1872-1936 -- Correspondence.
- Chicherin, G. (Georgii?), 1872-1936 -- Interviews.
- Fischer, Markoosha.
- Fischer, George, 1923- -- Correspondence.
- Fischer, Viktor, 1924- -- Correspondence.
- Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869-1948.
- Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 1870-1924.
- Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964 -- Correspondence.
- Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964 -- Photographs.
- Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962 -- Correspondence.
- Soekarno, 1901-1970 -- Interviews.
- Stalin, Jospeh 1879-1953.
- Tito, Josip Broz, 1892-1980.
- Welles, Sumner, 1892-1961 -- Correspondence.
- Welles, Sumner, 1892-1961 -- Interviews.
- Great Britain. Army. Jewish Legion.
- Congress for Cultural Freedom.
- Liberal Party (U.S.)
- Genoa Conference (1922)
- Nation (New York, N.Y. : 1865)
- Anti-communist movements.
- Biographers -- United States -- 20th century.
- Communism -- Soviet Union.
- Foreign correspondents -- United States -- 20th century.
- Jewish Legion -- Photographs.
- Journalists -- United States -- 20th century.
- Journalists -- Biography -- 20th century.
- Liberalism -- United States -- 20th century.
- Motion picture producers and directors.
- Refugee camps -- Germany.
- Revolutionaries -- Russia -- Anecdotes.
- Women authors -- United States -- 20th century.
- Women communists -- Germany -- 1917-
- World War, 1939-1945 -- Journalists -- Correspondence.
- Europe -- History -- 20th century.
- India -- Politics and government -- 1919-1947.
- India -- Politics and government -- 1947-
- Spain -- History -- Civil War, 1936-1939.
- Soviet Union -- Description and travel -- 20th century.
- Soviet Union -- Emigration and immigration -- 20th century.
- Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States -- 20th century.
- Soviet Union -- Politics and government -- 1917-
- Soviet Union -- Social conditions -- 20th century
- United States -- Foreign relations -- Soviet union -- 20th century.
- United States -- Foreign relations -- 20th century.
- Articles.
- Audiovisual materials.
- Correspondence.
- Interviews.
- Photographs.
Browse other finding aids related to the following terms:
Contents List
Series 1, General Correspondence, 1919-1970
Series Description
Series 1, General Correspondence, 1919-1970 [bulk dates 1935-1969], contains correspondence, arranged alphabetically by last name of correspondent, with publishers, politicians, writers, ambassadors, political activists, and friends around the world. Correspondence with his wife and children can be found among the family papers (Series 9). Topics include World War II and early Cold War issues, American politics and international relations, with a special emphasis on the Soviet Union, India, and Spain during its civil war. Much of the correspondence is personal, some reflecting longstanding friendships with people whom Fischer met in the various countries that he visited, including ambassadors and their wives, journalists and politicians. Where the correspondence was not strictly personal, Fischer kept carbon copies of the letters he wrote, which can sometimes be found on the back of the letters to which he replied. Reports on his conversations with politicians or his journeys may be found here too.
The series contains correspondence with numerous people whom Fischer knew through his work, including Josip Tito, President Sukarno of Indonesia, Robert Oppenheimer, Eleanor Roosevelt, Robert Kennedy, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi. Of particular note is the correspondence with George Chicherin, Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs, 1918-1929, which contains carbon copies of transcripts of Chicherin's detailed comments and corrections (in English) on Fischer's manuscript The Soviets in World Affairs (1930). (The original correspondence was donated to the Yale University Library.) Other correspondence reflects Fischer's attempts to influence politicians such as Franklin Roosevelt (about World War II strategy and India), John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, United Nations Secretary Dag Hammarskjöld, Belgian prime minister Paul-Henri Spaak (about the need of a gesture towards Italy in 1948 to curb Communist influence), and Anthony Eden (discussing the casualties in Spain, 1938). In these letters, Fischer spoke his mind. He corrected Eleanor Roosevelt on a point about the Soviet Union's foreign policy, and he chided Dean Acheson for wanting to resign his post because of the low salary. Correspondence with other notable people, often perfunctory, can also be found in the general A-Z files.
Much of the correspondence pertains to India. Fischer corresponded with many Indian politicians and activists, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Yusuf Meherally, Pyarelal, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, and Jayaprakash Narayan. These letters shed light on the political developments and differences in India during the period before and after independence. Some of the correspondence, such as letters from Chester Bowles, American ambassador to India, 1963-1969, contains personal and off-the-record remarks. There is original correspondence from Mohandas K. Gandhi, as well as correspondence with Gandhi's disciples and family members. The correspondence with Motilal Kothari details the early attempts to turn Fischer's biography of Gandhi into a motion picture film. (Fischer gave away the film rights.) Russian film director Sergei Mikhaylovitch Eisenstein is the subject of other correspondence. Fischer communicated with Upton Sinclair on behalf of Eisenstein concerning a conflict over payments for the Moscow-Hollywood production Thunder over Mexico (1933), for which Sinclair and his friends had furnished money.
To understand Fischer's early life, the correspondence with Eiga Shapiro (1918-1921) is important. Shapiro worked for the Zionist Commission in Palestine, and the original letters Fischer sent to her when he served as a volunteer in the Jewish Legion for Palestine are rich in details. Of general biographical interest is the correspondence between Fischer and his publishers and editors, as it contains copies of his own letters, and sheds light on his personal life. The correspondence with Freda Kirchway, editor of The Nation, is of particular importance, as it includes many details of Fischer's life before 1938. This file contains Fischer's outgoing letters, probably returned to him for reference. (Fischer's letters to Markoosha from this period were destroyed before the family left the Soviet Union.) Correspondence with Harper & Brothers in 1956 includes Fischer's views on foreign policy that he wrote at editor Cass Canfield's request for use in Adlai Stevenson's electoral campaign.
Some of the correspondence discusses Fischer's projects and ideas. In 1945, when he publicly left The Nation, he corresponded with various people (including Eleanor Roosevelt) about a magazine devoted to international affairs he wanted to start with the help of Sumner Welles. (Welles later withdrew his support.) During the Second World War, because of his charisma and outspoken views on the horrors of fascism and dictatorships, the Office of War Information and the War Finance Committee asked Fischer to speak at various occasions and make radio broadcasts. Later, Fischer communicated with CIA director Walter Bedell Smith, detailing his views on how best to undermine Stalin's position in Soviet public opinion. Fischer was an active member of the Congress of Cultural Freedom, which sponsored international cultural exchanges. He was among the majority of members who voted against accepting director Michael Josselson's resignation in 1967, after it became known that the Congress's activities and sponsorships were funded by the Central Intelligence Agency.
Much of the later correspondence documents Fischer's life in Princeton, including the correspondence with his research assistant and close friend Deirdre Randall, and correspondence with academics, including former ambassador to the Soviet Union, George Kennan, who brought Fischer to work at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1958. The two exchanged views on both scholarly and political matters: in a 1959 exchange Fischer commented on Kennan's proposals on disarmament and asked Kennan to pass on certain ideas to people “with the ear of Eisenhower” in Washington. Other Princeton correspondents include Don Wolfe, Elias Lowe, Robert Oppenheimer, and Princeton University president Robert Goheen, who consulted Fischer about the student riot of 1963. In 1967, Fischer wrote Michael Josselson about his visit to see Oppenheimer on his death bed. Fischer had a brief relationship with Svetlana Allilueva, Stalin's youngest daughter, who defected from the Soviet Union in 1967 and settled in Princeton. In fact, the correspondence series reveals that Fischer was involved with many women, and love letters can also be found in the file “unknown correspondents” (alphabetically arranged by first name, if present).
A, 1928-1969
Box 1, Folder 1 Abramovich, Raphael, 1948
Box 1, Folder 2 Acheson, Dean, 1947-1959, 1969
Box 1, Folder 3 Agron (Agronsky), Gershon and Ethel, 1929, 1939-1964
Box 1, Folder 4 Agronsky, Martin, 1947-1951
Box 1, Folder 5 Allen, Betty, circa 1948-1965
Box 1, Folder 6 Allilueva, Svetlana Stalina, 1968-1969
Box 1, Folder 7 America's Town Meeting of the Air, 1944-1952
Box 1, Folder 8 Attlee, Clement R., 1941-1946
Box 1, Folder 9 B, 1927-1969
Box 1, Folder 10 Baldwin, Roger N., 1944-1959, 1968
Box 1, Folder 11 Beard, Charles, 1934
Box 1, Folder 12 Benson, Mary, 1950-1958
Box 1, Folder 13 Benton, William, 1947-1954, 1962
Box 1, Folder 14 Berberova, Nina, 1965-1969
Box 2, Folder 1 Berger, Joseph, 1957-1960
Box 2, Folder 2 Berkman, Alesander, 1925
Box 2, Folder 3 Berle, Adolf A., Jr., 1951, 1959
Box 2, Folder 4 Berman, Ethel, 1931
Box 2, Folder 5 Bernardean, Francoise, 1951
Box 2, Folder 6 Bernstein, Marver and Sheva, 1964-1970
Box 2, Folder 7 Bevin, Jennie Lee, 1945-1947
Box 2, Folder 8 Bierring, Ole, 1966
Box 2, Folder 9 Billikopf, Jacob, 1932-1950
Box 2, Folder 10 Black, Cyril E. and Corinne, 1962-1969
Box 2, Folder 11 Bliven, Bruce, 1942-1969
Box 2, Folder 12 Bohlen, Charles E., 1947-1969
Box 2, Folder 13 Booke, Mrs. Sorrell (Miranda), 1953-1965
Box 2, Folder 14 Boothby, Robert, 1942-1969
Box 2, Folder 15 Bornholdt, Mrs. Eivind (Tordis), 1943-1960
Box 2, Folder 16 Bose, Nirmal Kumar, 1951-1953
Box 2, Folder 17 Bourgois, Christian, 1964-1968
Box 2, Folder 18 Bowers, Robert E., 1963
Box 2, Folder 19 Bowles, Chester, 1952-1969
Box 2, Folder 20 Bracken, Brendan, 1941
Box 2, Folder 21 Brainin, Joseph, 1964-1967
Box 2, Folder 22 Brandt & Brandt, 1945-1950
Box 2, Folder 23 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 1941-1964
Box 2, Folder 24 Brohi, A. K., 1961-1965
Box 2, Folder 25 Buber-Neumann, Margarete, 1962-1968
Box 2, Folder 26 Buck, Pearl and Walsh, Richard J., 1942-1959
Box 2, Folder 27 Bull, Mrs. Bartle (Rosemary), 1952-1963
Box 2, Folder 28 Bullitt, William C., 1943, 1964
Box 2, Folder 29 Bundy, William P., 1967
Box 2, Folder 30 C, 1929-1969
Box 2, Folder 31 Calman-Levy (Manes Sperber), 1951-1953, 1966
Box 2, Folder 32 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), 1960-1962
Box 2, Folder 33 Cantril, Hadley, 1952-1965
Box 2, Folder 34 Case, Clifford P., 1963-1968
Box 2, Folder 35 Celler, Emanuel, 1946-1951
Box 2, Folder 36 Chakravarty, Amiya, 1949-1950
Box 2, Folder 37 Chamberlin, William Henry and Sonya, 1940-1969
Box 2, Folder 38 Chatuvedi, Pandit B. Das (Garrison Girl School), 1950-1951
Box 2, Folder 39 Cherne, Leo, 1962
Box 2, Folder 40 Chicago Housing Authority, 1940, 1943
Box 3, Folder 1 Chicherin, George, 1929-1930
Box 3, Folder 2 Churchill, Winston, 1929, 1940-1951
Box 3, Folder 3 Columbia Broadcasting Systems Inc. (CBS), 1941-1950, 1962
Box 3, Folder 4 Corey, Lewis and Olga, 1943-1945
Box 3, Folder 5 Cousins, Norman, 1945-1954, 1961
Box 3, Folder 6 Cripps, Sir Stafford and Isobel, 1940-1942
Box 3, Folder 7 Crossman, R.H.S., 1948-1967
Box 3, Folder 8 Culbertson, Ely, 1943-1945
Box 3, Folder 9 D, 1937-1969
Box 3, Folder 10 Daily Herald (London), 1930
Box 3, Folder 11 Daniel, Clifton, 1956-1968
Box 3, Folder 12 Daves, Joan (Agent), 1965-1967
Box 3, Folder 13 Dayal, Rajeshwar & Sushila, 1955-1970
Box 3, Folder 14 Defense Intelligence School, 1962-1967
Box 3, Folder 15 Desai, Morarji, 1952-1966
Box 3, Folder 16 Djilas, Milovan, 1960-1969
Box 3, Folder 17 Douglas, William O., 1943-1953
Box 3, Folder 18 Duell, Sloan, & Pearce, 1940-1949
Box 3, Folder 19 E, 1929-1969
Box 3, Folder 20 Eden, Anthony, 1938
Box 3, Folder 21 Einstein, Albert, 1947, 1953
Box 3, Folder 22 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1954
Box 3, Folder 23 Elath, Eliahu & Zehava, 1955-1965
Box 3, Folder 24 Ernst, Morris, 1964-1965
Box 3, Folder 25 Esquire, 1961
Box 3, Folder 26 Evatt, Herbert V., 1947
Box 3, Folder 27 Ewing, Gordon
Box 3, Folder 2 F, 1941-1968
Box 3, Folder 29 Farrell, James T., 1966
Box 3, Folder 30 Feis, Herbert, 1959-1961
Box 4, Folder 1 Fight for Freedom, Inc., 1941
Box 4, Folder 2 Fischer, Shifrah and Ida, 1919
Box 4, Folder 3 Fisher, Welthy, 1969
Box 4, Folder 4 Fles, Pearl R., 1938
Box 4, Folder 5 Foreign Affairs (Hamilton Fish Armstrong), 1929-1964
Box 4, Folder 6 Foreign Policy Association, 1945-48, 1958-66
Box 4, Folder 7 Frankfurter, Felix, 1943-1951
Box 4, Folder 8 Fredborg, Arvid, 1960-1965
Box 4, Folder 9 Freeman, Joseph and Charmion, 1950-1965
Box 4, Folder 10 Friends of the Spanish Republic (William Shirer), 1945
Box 4, Folder 11 Fry, Varian, 1945, 1956
Box 4, Folder 12 G, 1927-1969
Box 4, Folder 13 Gaitskell, Hugh, 1962
Box 4, Folder 14 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 1960-1961
Box 4, Folder 15 Gandhi, Devadas, 1950-1952
Box 4, Folder 16 Gandhi, Manilal and Sita, 1948-1950
Box 4, Folder 17 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 1942-1948
Box 4, Folder 18 Gannett, Lewis, 1945
Box 4, Folder 19 Gavin, James M., 1967
Box 4, Folder 20 Gemmell, Edgar M. and Janet, 1963-1970
Box 4, Folder 21 Gervasi, Mrs. Frank H. (Kay), 1952, 1962
Box 4, Folder 22 Ghosh, Sudhir, 1952-1967
Box 4, Folder 23 Goheen, Robert F. and Margaret, 1962-1969
Box 4, Folder 24 Goldberg, Arthur J., 1966
Box 4, Folder 25 Goldman, Eric F., 1964-1967
Box 4, Folder 26 Gollancz, Victor, 1941-1951
Box 4, Folder 27 Graham, Frank, 1961
Box 4, Folder 28 Grepp, Gerda, 1937-1940
Box 4, Folder 29 Griffith, Sanford, 1962-1966
Box 4, Folder 30 Gross, Babette L., 1956-1962
Box 4, Folder 31 Gross, Ernest, 1957
Box 4, Folder 32 Gruening, Ernest, 1952, 1956
Box 4, Folder 33 Gunther, John and Frances, 1941-1947, 1963
Box 4, Folder 34 H, 1938-1970
Box 4, Folder 35 Hainworth, Victoria, circa 1966-1968
Box 4, Folder 36 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 1958
Box 4, Folder 37 Handler, Meyer, 1964
Box 4, Folder 38 Hare, Betty, 1942-1945
Box 4, Folder 39 Hargrove, Gale, 1952-1954
Box 4, Folder 40 Harper & Brothers, 1944-1963
Box 4, Folder 41 Harper & Row, 1964-1969
Box 5, Folder 1 Harper's Magazine (John Fischer), 1952-1964
Box 5, Folder 2 Harrigan, Susan, 1965-1969
Box 5, Folder 3 Harriman, W. Averell, 1951-1968
Box 5, Folder 4 Harris, Helen M., 1945-1960
Box 5, Folder 5 Harvard University, Russian Research Center, 1959, 1962
Box 5, Folder 6 Hayman, Peter, 1966-1969
Box 5, Folder 7 Henderson, Loy W., 1939-1955
Box 5, Folder 8 Henkel, Gabriele, 1966-1968
Box 5, Folder 9 Heumann, Johanna, 1951-1957
Box 5, Folder 10 Hildebrandt, Rainer, 1953-1955
Box 5, Folder 11 Hillman, Sidney, 1944
Box 5, Folder 12 Hindus, Maurice, 1941, 1959-1968
Box 5, Folder 13 Hirsch, Felix E., 1961-1964
Box 5, Folder 14 Hobson, Laura, 1940-1961
Box 5, Folder 15 Howard, Edmund, 1955-1956
Box 5, Folder 16 Howard University, 1962
Box 5, Folder 17 Hughes, Alice, 1943, 1949
Box 5, Folder 18 Hull, Cordell, 1939, 1944
Box 5, Folder 19 Humphrey, Hubert H., 1949-1969
Box 5, Folder 20 Hurwitz, Henry, 1932, 1940, 1946
Box 5, Folder 21 Hutchins, Robert M., 1959-1964
Box 5, Folder 22 Hutheesing, Krishna, 1947-1966
Box 5, Folder 23 I, 1941-1969
Box 5, Folder 24 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1949
Box 5, Folder 25 India Association of Princeton, 1969
Box 5, Folder 26 International Rescue and Relief Committee, 1948
Box 5, Folder 27 Iowa Committee for Atomic Energy Education, 1950
Box 5, Folder 28 Isaacs, Stanley M., 1943-1948, 1959
Box 5, Folder 29 J, 1937-1969
Box 5, Folder 30 Jackson, Robert H., 1946, 1948
Box 5, Folder 31 Jameson, Storm, 1941-1944
Box 5, Folder 32 Janeway, Carol, 1939, 1960, undated
Box 5, Folder 33 Jessup, Philip C., 1955
Box 5, Folder 34 Johnson, Louis, 1939-1954
Box 5, Folder 35 Jonathan Cape Ltd., Publishers, 1929, 1942
Box 5, Folder 36 Jones, Alfred Winslow and Mary, 1960-1963
Box 5, Folder 37 Jones, Howard P., 1958-1965
Box 5, Folder 38 Josselson, Michael, 1953-1969
Box 5, Folder 39 K, 1927-1969
Box 5, Folder 40 Kabir, Humayun, 1959
Box 5, Folder 41 Kalb, Bernard, 1963-1965
Box 5, Folder 42 Kallen, Horace M., 1951, 1960
Box 6, Folder 1 Kaufman, Edgar J. and Liliane, 1939, 1950-1952
Box 6, Folder 2 Kaur, Rajkumari Amrit, 1946-1963
Box 6, Folder 3 Kaysen, Carl, 1968
Box 6, Folder 4 Kelley, Patrick, 1963
Box 6, Folder 5 Kennan, George, 1947-1970
Box 6, Folder 6-7 Kennedy, John F., 1960-1963
Box 6, Folder 8 Kennedy, Robert F., 1964-1966
Box 6, Folder 9 Khan, Zafrulla, 1954, 1962
Box 6, Folder 10 Kingdon, Frank, 1947, 1969
Box 6, Folder 11 Kirchway, Freda (The Nation), 1920-1945
Box 6, Folder 12-13 Knapp, Elizabeth, 1952-1965
Box 6, Folder 14 Koestler, Arthur and Cynthia, 1941-51, 1963-69
Box 6, Folder 15 Komarovsky, Mirra, and Marcus A. Heyman, 1944-1969
Box 6, Folder 16 Konvitz, Milton R. and Mary, 1962-1965
Box 6, Folder 17 Korn, Richard Kaye and Peggy, 1950, 1960-1963
Box 6, Folder 18 Kothari, Motilal, 1961-1969
Box 6, Folder 19-20 Kuh, Frederick, 1930-1939, 1963-1967
Box 7, Folder 1 L, 1932-1969
Box 7, Folder 2 Labedz, Leopold, 1968-1969
Box 7, Folder 3 Lall, Arthur S., 1953-1964
Box 7, Folder 4 Landman, David, 1965-1967
Box 7, Folder 5 Laski, Harold, 1937-1944
Box 7, Folder 6 Lasky, Melvin J., 1948-1961, 1969
Box 7, Folder 7 Lawrence, Gertrude, 1944
Box 7, Folder 8 League for Industrial Democracy (Harry F. Laidler), 1948, 1963
Box 7, Folder 9 Lee, Ivy, 1930-1932
Box 7, Folder 10 Leger, Alexis, 1963
Box 7, Folder 11 Lehman, Herbert, 1948-1955
Box 7, Folder 12 Lerner, Max, 1936, 1948-1957
Box 7, Folder 13 Leshchenko, Tatiana, 1931-1932
Box 7, Folder 14 Levine, Isaac Don, 1959-1964
Box 7, Folder 15 Litvinov, Ivy, 1943, 1960
Box 7, Folder 16 Litvinov, Maxim, 1930
Box 7, Folder 17 Lloyd George, David, 1937, 1941
Box 7, Folder 18 Lockwood, William W., 1963-1969
Box 7, Folder 19 London Times, 1957
Box 7, Folder 20 Look Magazine, 1948-1956
Box 7, Folder 21 Lorant, Stefan, 1956-1966
Box 7, Folder 22 Lord, Mary, 1956-1960
Box 7, Folder 23 Lowe, Elias Avery, 1961-1969
Box 7, Folder 24 Lowenthal, Richard, 1956, 1966
Box 7, Folder 25 Luce, Clare Boothe, 1941-1954
Box 7, Folder 26 Luce, Henry R., 1945-1953
Box 7, Folder 27 Lyons, Leonard, 1946-1969
Box 7, Folder 28 M, 1939-1969
Box 7, Folder 29 Mackay, R.W.G. (Kim), 1944-1951
Box 7, Folder 30 Mackey, Bergliot (Bornholdt), 1948-1963
Box 7, Folder 31 MacLeish, Archibald, 1942-1945
Box 7, Folder 32 Magnes, Judah Leon, 1946-1948
Box 7, Folder 33 Malraux, André, 1937-1969
Box 7, Folder 34 Mann, Erika, 1941, 1943
Box 7, Folder 35 Marshall, George C., 1948
Box 7, Folder 36 Martin, Kingsley, 1939-1961
Box 7, Folder 37 Martin, William McChesney, Jr., 1964-1969
Box 7, Folder 38 Martindell, Anne, 1968
Box 7, Folder 39 Masani, Minoo and Shakuntala, 1946-1969
Box 7, Folder 40 Massing, Paul, 1938-1967
Box 7, Folder 41 McBride, Mary Margaret, 1943-1953
Box 7, Folder 42 Meherally, Yusuf, 1942-1950
Box 7, Folder 43 Mehta, G.L., 1954-1958
Box 8, Folder 1 Mehta, Ved, 1962, 1968
Box 8, Folder 2 Meyer, Kissel, Matz, Reynolds & Seward, 1955
Box 8, Folder 3 Miksche, Ferdinand Otto, 1939, 1951
Box 8, Folder 4 Miles, Rufus E., 1969
Box 8, Folder 5 Moley, Raymond, 1933
Box 8, Folder 6 Mooley, M.C.R., 1944
Box 8, Folder 7 Morgenstern, Oskar and Dorothy, 1961-1963
Box 8, Folder 8 Morrison, Herbert, 1946
Box 8, Folder 9 Moseley, Philip E., 1948-1969
Box 8, Folder 10 Mountbatten, Edwina, 1951
Box 8, Folder 11 Mowrer, Edgar A., 1944-1950, 1965
Box 8, Folder 12 Munzenberg, Willi, 1939
Box 8, Folder 13 Murphy, Robert & Mildred, 1957
Box 8, Folder 14 Mussolini, Benito, 1935
Box 8, Folder 15 Muste, A.J., 1946
Box 8, Folder 16 Myrdal, Gunnar, 1966, 1968
Box 8, Folder 17 N, 1935-1969
Box 8, Folder 18 Nabokov, Nicolas, 1946-1968
Box 8, Folder 19 Naoraji, Kurshed, 1946
Box 8, Folder 20 Narasimhan, C.V., 1964-1966
Box 8, Folder 21 Narayan, Jayaprakash, 1946-1967
Box 8, Folder 22 Nation, The, 1930-1945
Box 8, Folder 23 National Book Committee, 1965-1966
Box 8, Folder 24 National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC), 1959-1961
Box 8, Folder 25 National City Bank of NY, 1931, 1944
Box 8, Folder 26 Neal, Fred Warner, 1967
Box 8, Folder 27 Neame, Elizabeth (Monroe), 1950
Box 8, Folder 28 Negrin, Juan, 1937-1941
Box 8, Folder 29 Nehru, B.K., 1960-1967
Box 8, Folder 30 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1938-1964
Box 8, Folder 31 Nehru, Rojan and Ratan, 1942-1948
Box 8, Folder 32 New School for Social Research, 1959-1964
Box 8, Folder 33 New York Herald Tribune, 1939-1960
Box 8, Folder 34 New York Herald Tribune Book Review (Irita Van Doren), 1926-1962
Box 8, Folder 35 New York Mirror (Waverly Root), 1941
Box 8, Folder 36 New York Public Library, 1950-1965
Box 8, Folder 37 New York Times, 1933-1969
Box 8, Folder 38 New York, State University of, 1967
Box 8, Folder 39 Nicolaevsky, Boris I., 1947, 1963-1966
Box 8, Folder 40 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1950, 1960-1961
Box 8, Folder 41 Niles, David K., 1944
Box 8, Folder 42 Norman, Dorothy, 1946-1966
Box 8, Folder 43 Notestein, Frank W. and Daphne, 1961, 1964
Box 8, Folder 44 Nu, U, 1958
Box 8, Folder 45 Nye, Gerald P., 1939
Box 8, Folder 46 O, 1931-1967
Box 8, Folder 47 O'Connor, Nancy, 1965-1969
Box 9, Folder 1 Oliver, Molli, 1942-1943
Box 9, Folder 2 Oppenheimer, Robert, 1959-1967
Box 9, Folder 3 Oram, Harold L., 1946, 1964
Box 9, Folder 4 Oxnam, G. Bromley, 1948-1949
Box 9, Folder 5 P, 1941-1969
Box 9, Folder 6 Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi, 1945
Box 9, Folder 7 Pascal, Gabriel, 1953-1954
Box 9, Folder 8 Passin, Herbert, 1953-1965
Box 9, Folder 9 Pasternak, Boris, 1959
Box 9, Folder 10 Pepper, Claude, 1946
Box 9, Folder 11 Phillips, William, 1945
Box 9, Folder 12 Pinchot, Gifford and Cornelia Bryce, 1942
Box 9, Folder 13 Placzek, Hannelore (Peiser), 1953-1968
Box 9, Folder 14 Plakas, Jane (Plimpton), 1946-1966
Box 9, Folder 15 Plumb, Robert L., 1954
Box 9, Folder 16 PM, 1943
Box 9, Folder 17 Potter, Russell, 1949-1950
Box 9, Folder 18 Princeton Adult School, 1963
Box 9, Folder 19 Princeton University Library, 1962-1969
Box 9, Folder 20 Princeton University Press, 1950-1969
Box 9, Folder 21 Puaux, Francois & Anne, 1951-1969
Box 9, Folder 22-23 Putnam, Peter Brock, 1961-1962
Box 9, Folder 24 Pyarelal (Nayal), 1946-1969
Box 9, Folder 25 Q, 1949, 1952
Box 9, Folder 26 Quezon, Manuel L., 1943
Box 9, Folder 27 Quo, Tai-Chi, 1946-1949
Box 9, Folder 28 R, 1930-1969
Box 9, Folder 29 Radharishnan, S., 1962-1967
Box 9, Folder 30 Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti, 1948-1966
Box 9, Folder 31 Randall, Deirdre, 1957-1969
Box 10, Folder 1-4 Randolph, A. Philip, 1945
Box 10, Folder 5 Random House, 1940-1941, 1961-1963
Box 10, Folder 6 Rau, Kripa, 1956-1957
Box 10, Folder 7 Raymond, Jack, 1966-1968
Box 10, Folder 8 Reader's Digest, 1941-1966
Box 10, Folder 9-10 Reston, James, 1955
Box 10, Folder 11 Reuther, Victor G., 1946
Box 10, Folder 12 Rimano, Richard, 1944
Box 10, Folder 13 Roberts, Owen J., 1946-1949
Box 10, Folder 14 Rockefeller Foundation, 1948, 1958-1962
Box 10, Folder 15 Rodman, Samuel (Shy), 1930, 1949, 1960
Box 10, Folder 16 Romulo, Carlos P., 1958
Box 10, Folder 17 Ronen, Omry, 1966-1968
Box 10, Folder 18 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1938-1946, 1969
Box 10, Folder 19 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1939-1943
Box 10, Folder 20 Roosevelt Library, Franklin D., 1969
Box 10, Folder 21 Rothberg, Harvey, 1961-1969
Box 11, Folder 1 Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1941
Box 11, Folder 2 Rubenstein, Frank J. and Mary, 1950-1969
Box 11, Folder 3 Rubin, Morris H. (The Progressive), 1947-1952, 1967
Box 11, Folder 4 Ruml, Beardsley, 1945
Box 11, Folder 5 Rusk, Dean, 1959-1968
Box 11, Folder 6 S, 1927-1969
Box 11, Folder 7 Salisbury, Harrison E., 1964, 1968
Box 11, Folder 8 Samuel, Maurice, 1940, 1964-1966
Box 11, Folder 9 Sarper, Selim, 1952, 1960
Box 11, Folder 10 Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., 1962-1967
Box 11, Folder 11 Schulte, Luise, 1950-1953
Box 11, Folder 12 Schwarz, Solomon and Vera Aleksandrova, 1961-1966
Box 11, Folder 13 Scott, John, 1956-1958
Box 11, Folder 14 Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques and Madeleine, 1950-1951
Box 11, Folder 15 Shapiro, Eiga, 1918-1921
Box 11, Folder 16-18 Sheean, Vincent and Dinah, 1928-1940, 1951
Box 11, Folder 19 Sigmond, Ida and Harry, 1936-1969
Box 12, Folder 1 Sinclair, Upton, 1933-1953
Box 12, Folder 2 Singh, J.J., 1942-1969
Box 12, Folder 3 Smith, Walter Bedell, 1951-1953
Box 12, Folder 4 South Philadelphia High School, 1962-1965
Box 12, Folder 5 Spaak, Paul-Henri, 1948, 1960
Box 12, Folder 6 Spackman, Peter and Nancy, 1963-1969
Box 12, Folder 7 Spivak, Lawrence E., 1945
Box 12, Folder 8 Stalin, Joseph V., 1933-1938
Box 12, Folder 9 Stanton, E.F. and Josie, 1952-1961
Box 12, Folder 10 Steffens, Ella Winter, 1930
Box 12, Folder 11 Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 1944
Box 12, Folder 12 Strachey, John, 1941, 1945, 1962
Box 12, Folder 13 Strang, William, 1951, 1966-1969
Box 12, Folder 14 Strauss, Russell and Pat, 1938-1969
Box 12, Folder 15 Streit, Clarence, 1948, 1953, 1968
Box 12, Folder 16 Sturges, Paul M., 1962-1963
Box 12, Folder 17 Sukarno, H., 1956-1961
Box 12, Folder 18 Sullivan, Janet, 1944-1946
Box 12, Folder 19 Summerskill, Edith, 1938-1951
Box 12, Folder 20 Swing, Raymond Gram, 1942-1954
Box 12, Folder 21 T, 1925, 1941-1969
Box 12, Folder 22 Taft, Robert A., 1945
Box 12, Folder 23 Tagore, Rathindranath, 1950
Box 12, Folder 24 Taylor, Harold, 1951, 1965
Box 12, Folder 25 Thant, U, 1964-1969
Box 12, Folder 26 Thomas, Norman, 1937, 1946-1965
Box 12, Folder 27 Thompson, Dorothy, 1932-1947
Box 12, Folder 28 Thompson, Llewellyn E., 1964-1966
Box 12, Folder 29 Thong, Huynh Sanh, 1957
Box 12, Folder 30 Time and Tide, 1942-1943
Box 12, Folder 31 Tito, Josip Broz, 1952-1958, 1967
Box 12, Folder 32 Tolstoy, Lydia, 1950
Box 12, Folder 33 Trew, H. Gwynne, 1925-1926
Box 12, Folder 34 Troitsky, Nikolai A. (“Boris Yakovlev”), 1948-1963
Box 12, Folder 35 Tucker, Robert C., 1962-1963
Box 12, Folder 36 Tugwell, Rexford G., 1945
Box 12, Folder 37 U, 1943-1969
Box 12, Folder 38 United Press Associations, 1949
Box 12, Folder 39 Utah, State University of (Summer School), 1951-1964
Box 12, Folder 40 V, 1928-1961
Box 12, Folder 41 Vandenberg, Arthur H., 1946
Box 12, Folder 42 Vayo, Julio Alvarez del and Luise, 1938-1957
Box 12, Folder 43 Veerarasharam, P.V., 1962-1963
Box 12, Folder 44 Verlag, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1964-1966
Box 12, Folder 45 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 1930-1946
Box 12, Folder 46 Vlastos, Gregory, 1961-1965
Box 12, Folder 47 W, 1929, 1939-1969
Box 13, Folder 1 W. Colston Leigh, Inc., 1951-1965
Box 13, Folder 2 Wake Up America (Program), 1943-1945
Box 13, Folder 3 Walker, Agnes (Knickerbocker), 1942-1969
Box 13, Folder 4 Walsh, J. Raymond, 1945-1946
Box 13, Folder 5 Walsh, Richard J., 1943-1953
Box 13, Folder 6 War Finance Committee, Treasury Department, 1943-1944
Box 13, Folder 7 War Information, Office of, 1942-1945
Box 13, Folder 8 Washington Post, 1961
Box 13, Folder 9 Washington, University of, 1957-1958
Box 13, Folder 10 Watumull, Ellen Jensen and G.J., 1948-1967
Box 13, Folder 11 Webb, Beatrice, 1935
Box 13, Folder 12 Weisgal, Meyer W., 1955
Box 13, Folder 13 Welles, Sumner, 1941-1946
Box 13, Folder 14 White, William Allen, 1940-1943
Box 13, Folder 15 Wilkinson, Ellen E., 1929-1941
Box 13, Folder 16 Willen, Joseph, Pearl, and Debbie, 1941-1959
Box 13, Folder 17 Willen, Paul, 1950, 1952
Box 13, Folder 18 Willkie, Wendell L., 1943
Box 13, Folder 19 Wilson, Sir Arnold, 1938
Box 13, Folder 20 Winant, John Gilbert, 1946
Box 13, Folder 21 Wodak, Walter, 1956-1969
Box 13, Folder 22 Wofford, Harris, 1946-1969
Box 13, Folder 23 Wolfe, Bertram D. and Ella, 1962-1969
Box 13, Folder 24 Wolfe, Don M. and Mary, 1962-1969
Box 13, Folder 25 Woodman, Dorothy, 1946-1947, 1959-1960
Box 13, Folder 26 Wright, Richard, 1950
Box 13, Folder 27 Writers' War Board, 1944-1954, 1964
Box 13, Folder 28 Wyatt, Woodrow, 1946-1947, 1957-1961
Box 13, Folder 29 Y, 1941-1958
Box 14, Folder 1 Yager, Helen, 1953
Box 14, Folder 2 Yale University Library, 1946-1961
Box 14, Folder 3 Z, 1944-1952
Box 14, Folder 4 Unidentified (first names A-N ), 1930-1969
Box 14, Folder 5 Unidentified (first names O-Z and unsigned), 1937-1969
Box 14, Folder 6 Series 2, Subject correspondence, 1936-1969
Series Description
Series 2, Subject Correspondence, 1936-1969, contains correspondence alphabetically arranged by topic that Fischer kept on countries he visited, most of his publications, and other subjects. Of special interest are the country files, grouped under the heading “international,” which contain accounts of his impressions of the people he met or interviewed. Fischer wrote these accounts as letters to friends and kept a copy specifically for these files. Other correspondence relating to these visits is often included as well, primarily with people from within the country itself. This is especially the case with the files about India, which Fischer visited at least four times between 1942 and 1952. They contain correspondence from people in India not present in the General Correspondence series commenting on the domestic situation. Correspondence with people or organizations sympathizing with the cause of Indian independence, including Fischer's own project to raise money among friends for a tractor, will be found in separate subject files.
The file on Spain documents Fischer's involvement with the Spanish Civil War and his role as an intermediary with the American Section of the International Brigades in the repatriation of American volunteers. The file includes some drafts for speeches and announcements that Fischer may have ghostwritten for others and confidential correspondence with Ambassador Claude Bowes concerning the American embargo on the shipment of arms to Spain. Some correspondence in this file is in Spanish and German. The file on the Soviet Union contains correspondence concerning his 1956 visit, eighteen years after his last visit in May 1938.
The files on books and miscellaneous publications contain correspondence with both American and foreign publishers, the latter usually concerning foreign translations and copyright, especially letters to Jonathan Cape and Victor Gollancz. Correspondence with his primary publishers Duell, Sloan & Pearce, and later Harper's, and other publishers and journals can be found in the General Correspondence series. The subject files on individual book publications contain letters from readers and literary editors. The files on Men and Politics (1941), The Story of Indonesia (1959), and The Life of Lenin (1964) also contain correspondence concerning research and earlier drafts of the manuscripts. Of special interest in the Lenin file is correspondence with Radio Liberty in London, which broadcast an interview with Fischer on the book in 1964 and evoked reactions from listeners in the Soviet Union, to whom Fischer responded in Russian in a later broadcast (transcripts included).
The miscellaneous publications folders, which start in 1947, include agreements and general correspondence with publishers, journals, agents, and sometimes readers, who are not found among the names in the General Correspondence series. Of special interest is the correspondence of 1947-1949, which documents conflicts with publishers in India over payments, and includes some observations of the situation in India and the decline of public interest in Fischer's columns in Indian newspapers (1947). The correspondence of 1959 includes an exchange with the Zionist Echo editor concerning accusations by the Israeli Minister of Development Mordechai Bentov that he was misquoted by Fischer in the book This is Our World. Another subject file documents Fischer's role as one of the initiators and vice-chairmen of the Liberal Party, founded in 1944. Documentation on Fischer's appointments and courses at the Woodrow Wilson School may be found in the file on Princeton University.
Awards, 1951-1965
Box 14, Folder 7 Conferences: Congress for Cultural Freedom, Rhodes, 1958
Box 14, Folder 8 Conferences: Status of Soviet Jews, 1963
Box 14, Folder 9 Conferences: Miscellaneous, 1945-circa 1949
Box 14, Folder 10 India: American and international opinion, 1942-1969
Box 14, Folder 11-12 India: Tractor fund for village, 1949-1955
Box 14, Folder 13-14 India League of America, 1948-1950
Box 14, Folder 15 International journeys and correspondence: Burma, 1957-1958
Box 15, Folder 1 International journeys and correspondence: England, 1962
Box 15, Folder 2 International journeys and correspondence: France, 1950-1951
Box 15, Folder 3 International journeys and correspondence: Germany, 1951-1959
Box 15, Folder 4 International journeys and correspondence: India, 1942-1969
Box 15, Folder 5-7 International journeys and correspondence: Indonesia, 1958-1967
Box 15, Folder 8 International journeys and correspondence: Italy, 1952
Box 15, Folder 9 International journeys and correspondence: Japan, 1952
Box 15, Folder 10 International journeys and correspondence: Pakistan, 1961
Box 15, Folder 11 International journeys and correspondence: Philippines, 1952
Box 15, Folder 12 International journeys and correspondence: Poland, 1957
Box 15, Folder 13 International journeys and correspondence: Soviet Union, 1956
Box 15, Folder 14 International journeys and correspondence: Spain, 1936-1939, 1949
Box 16, Folder 1 International journeys and correspondence: Turkey, 1952
Box 16, Folder 2 International journeys and correspondence: Yugoslavia, 1952
Box 16, Folder 3 Liberal Party, 1944-1965
Box 16, Folder 4 Princeton University, 1960-1969
Box 16, Folder 5 Publications: Dawn of Victory, 1942
Box 16, Folder 6 Publications: Empire, 1944-1945
Box 16, Folder 7 Publications: Gandhi and Stalin, 1947-1949
Box 16, Folder 8 Publications: Gandhi, His Life and Message for the World, 1953-1957
Box 15, Folder 9 Publications: The Great Challenge, 1946-1947
Box 16, Folder 10 Publications: The Life and Death of Stalin, 1951-1953
Box 16, Folder 11 Publications: The Life of Lenin, 1960-1968
Box 17, Folder 1 Publications: The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 1949-1952
Box 17, Folder 2 Publications: Men and Politics, 1940-1942
Box 17, Folder 3 Publications: Russia's Road from Peace to War, 1969
Box 17, Folder 4 Publications: Russia, America and the World, 1961
Box 17, Folder 5 Publications: The Story of Indonesia, 1958-1960, 1965
Box 17, Folder 6 Publications: This is Our World, 1956-1957
Box 17, Folder 7 Publications: A Week with Gandhi, 1942-1943
Box 17, Folder 8 Publications: Miscellaneous, 1947-1959
Box 17, Folder 9-12 Publications: Miscellaneous, 1960-1969
Box 18, Folder 1-6 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Box 18, Folder 7 Spanish Refugees, 1941
Box 18, Folder 8 Speeches: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1962
Box 18, Folder 9 Speeches: Riddle of India, 1943
Box 18, Folder 10 Series 3, Writings, 1921-1970
Series Description
Series 3, Writings, 1921-1970, is arranged alphabetically by type, then chronologically and contains articles and reviews, lectures, speeches and discussions, manuscript drafts and research notes. The articles through 1945 were mainly written for The Nation, though early articles for Russian papers and Jewish-American journals are also found, the latter concerning the Jewish colonies in Russia and Poland. Foreign translations are included, mostly for Reader's Digest. Drafts of articles are included if they appear not to have been published. Annotations indicate that Fischer reworked some of his articles for his books. The lectures, speeches and discussions contain texts and printed discussions with others on radio broadcasts. Complementary information about Fischer's public appearances in lecture tours and broadcasts can be found among the press clippings in Series 6. The manuscript drafts concern a projected book entitled The Real Russia, or Russia, Reality and Utopia (ca. 1961), about the post-Stalin era at the time of Khrushchev in the Soviet Union. The research notes also contain some diaries and diary entries and notes on conversations. Of special interest are the typescript diaries concerning Fischer's first month in Spain (September-October, 1936), conversations with London politicians and others about World War II from July-October 1941, and a visit to India in 1942. The general notes are especially extensive for 1952 and 1958. In 1952 Fischer went on a nine-month world tour that included visits to Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and Yugoslavia. In 1958 he visited Indonesia and the Netherlands for research for his book The Story of Indonesia (1959). Some notes in the series concern conversations with unidentified people who are referred to with code names. There are similar notes in Series 4, Interviews and Conversations.
Articles, 1921-1926
Box 18, Folder 11-12 Articles, 1927-1936
Box 19, Folder 1-5 Articles, 1937-1946
Box 20, Folder 1-6 Articles, 1947-1954
Box 21, Folder 1-5 Articles, 1955-1970
Box 22, Folder 1-6 Lectures, speeches and discussions, 1926-1956
Box 23, Folder 1-6 Lectures, speeches and discussions, 1957-1969
Box 24, Folder 1-2 Manuscript drafts, circa 1961
Box 24, Folder 3 Notes, including note books on Poland, 1922-1927
Box 24, Folder 4 Notes, 1928-1931
Box 24, Folder 5 Notebooks on Soviet Union, circa 1927-1933
Box 24, Folder 6 Notes, 1932-1939
Box 25, Folder 1 Notes: Spanish diary Sep 18-Oct 16, 1936, 1936
Box 25, Folder 2 Notes, 1940-1946
Box 25, Folder 3 Notes: London diary Jul 19 - Oct 8, 1941, 1941
Box 25, Folder 4 Notes: India and Gandhi diary May 24 - Jul 14, 1942, 1942
Box 25, Folder 5 Notes, 1947-1955
Box 26, Folder 1-5 Notebooks: Yugoslavia, 1953, 1955
Box 27, Folder 1 Notebooks: Germany 1953, Czechoslovakia 1956, 1953, 1956
Box 27, Folder 2 Notes, 1956-1959
Box 27, Folder 3-5 Notes, 1960-1969, undated
Box 28, Folder 1-4 Series 4, Interviews and Conversations, 1928-1967
Series Description
Series 4, Interviews and Conversations, 1928-1967, contains records of conversations with politicians ranging in length from complete interviews to brief notes. These are arranged alphabetically by last name of the interviewee, then followed by five folders for specific overseas trips. Many of the latter records refer to people using code names. For most interviewees, Fischer wrote their real identity on the paper at a later stage. Remaining unidentified people are filed at the end of the series (see also the research notes in Series 3). The most extensive interviews are with President Tito of Yugoslavia (1952), President Sukarno of Indonesia (1958, 1960), and Sumner Welles, Undersecretary of State, with whom he had several discussions in 1944-1945. The discussions with Welles eventually led to their plan to start a liberal international affairs journal. Conversations that Fischer had with groups of people (many in code names) during visits to London, Berlin and India can be found at the end of the series. Some records of conversations may also be found as letters Fischer sent to friends (Series 1).
Abdulgani, Ruslan, 1958
Box 28, Folder 5 Acheson, Dean, 1947, 1954
Box 28, Folder 5 Adenauer, Konrad, 1966
Box 28, Folder 5 Aiyar, C. P. Ramaswami, and Sundaram, 1948
Box 28, Folder 5 Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 1943, 1944
Box 28, Folder 5 Atlee, Clement R., 1946
Box 28, Folder 5 Ba Swe, U, 1952
Box 28, Folder 5 Bannerjee, P. K., 1954
Box 28, Folder 5 Benés, Edward, 1943
Box 28, Folder 5 Berle, Adolph A., l944, l948
Box 28, Folder 5 Boothby, Robert, 1959
Box 28, Folder 5 Buck, Pearl; Balmer; Jay Lovestone and unidentified, 1943
Box 28, Folder 5 Budberg, Moura, 1966
Box 28, Folder 5 Chatteerjee, Gen., undated
Box 28, Folder 5 Ciechanovsky (Polish Ambassador), 1943
Box 28, Folder 5 Clay, Gen. Lucius D., 1954
Box 28, Folder 5 Cleveland, Harlan (See: Averell Harriman), 1962
Box 28, Folder 5 Cot, Pierre, 1940
Box 28, Folder 5 Culbertson, Ely, 1944
Box 28, Folder 5 Desai, Morarji, 1960
Box 28, Folder 6 Deshmukh, Sir Chintaman D., 1954
Box 28, Folder 6 Djilas, Milovan and Boris Kidrich, 1952
Box 28, Folder 6 Djuanda, H., 1958
Box 28, Folder 6 Douglas, William O., 1951
Box 28, Folder 6 Drum, Shagrir, undated
Box 28, Folder 6 Erhard, Ludwig, 1966
Box 28, Folder 6 Fontaine, Andre, 1964
Box 28, Folder 6 Frankfurter, Felix, 1941, 1948
Box 28, Folder 6 Gandamana, Pik, circa 1957
Box 28, Folder 7 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 1942-1947
Box 28, Folder 7 Gaus, 1928
Box 28, Folder 7 Goldberg, Arthur J., 1966
Box 28, Folder 7 Grant, Heber J., president Mormon Church, 1943
Box 28, Folder 7 Halifax, Lord, 1942-1944
Box 29, Folder 1 Hampton, Colonel Thomas K., 1945
Box 29, Folder 1 Harifah, Ambassador, 1958
Box 29, Folder 1 Harriman, Averell, and Harlan Cleveland (1962), 1947, 1952, 1962
Box 29, Folder 1 Hatta, Mohammed, 1958
Box 29, Folder 1 Helb (New Delhi), 1958
Box 29, Folder 1 Henderson, Loy W., 1941, 1943, 1956
Box 29, Folder 1 Henry-Hays, Gaston, 194l
Box 29, Folder 1 Hillman, Sidney, 1944
Box 29, Folder 1 Honig, Pieter, 1958
Box 29, Folder 1 Hoyer-Millar, Frederick, 1959
Box 29, Folder 1 Hull, Cordell, 1942-1944
Box 29, Folder 1 Jackson, Robert H., 1945, 1947-1948
Box 29, Folder 1 Jessup, Philip, 1954
Box 29, Folder 1 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 1942
Box 29, Folder 1 Johnson, Louis, 1942-1943
Box 29, Folder 1 Kennedy, Robert, 1964
Box 29, Folder 2 Khan, Ayub, 1961
Box 29, Folder 2 Kirkpatrick, Lord Ivone, 1951, 1959
Box 29, Folder 2 La Follette, Robert, 1943
Box 29, Folder 2 Lancaster, W.W., 1944
Box 29, Folder 2 Lee, Jenny, 1954
Box 29, Folder 2 Lin,Yu-tang, 1944
Box 29, Folder 2 Linlithgow, Lord, and P.R.S.Mani, 1942
Box 29, Folder 2 Lokanathan, P.S., 1954
Box 29, Folder 2 Magsaysay, Ramón, 1952
Box 29, Folder 2 Mahindra, K. C., and Naoroji, 1943-1944
Box 29, Folder 2 Mahtab, Krishna, 1952
Box 29, Folder 2 Mayor, Lord (sic), undated
Box 29, Folder 2 McCloy, John J., 1954
Box 29, Folder 2 McLeish, Archibald, circa 1943
Box 29, Folder 2 Mikolajcyk, 1958
Box 29, Folder 2 Morrison, Herbert, 1946
Box 29, Folder 2 Narasimhan (Deputy to U Thant), 1966
Box 29, Folder 2 Nasution, Gen. Abdul Harris, 1958
Box 29, Folder 2 Nayar, Sushila, 1955
Box 29, Folder 2 Nehru, Jawaharlal, undated
Box 29, Folder 2 Niles, David, 1944
Box 29, Folder 2 Nishijima, 1956
Box 29, Folder 2 Nyein, U Kyaw, circa 1958
Box 29, Folder 2 Ogata, Taketora, 1952
Box 29, Folder 2 Okazaki, Katsuo, 1952
Box 29, Folder 2 Oppenheimer, Robert and Kitty, 1964
Box 29, Folder 2 Phillips, William, 1944
Box 29, Folder 3 Pontrjagin, Academician, and Meshchenko, 1964
Box 29, Folder 3 Poole, DeWitt, 1944
Box 29, Folder 3 Prietro, Indalecio (?), circa 1938
Box 29, Folder 3 Pyade, Moshe, 1952
Box 29, Folder 3 Quaroni, Pietro, 1946
Box 29, Folder 3 Quezon, President, 1943
Box 29, Folder 3 Rajchman, Ludwig, 1941, 1943, 1947
Box 29, Folder 3 Rankovich, Alexander, 1952
Box 29, Folder 3 Rau, Sir Benegal, 1951
Box 29, Folder 3 Roem, Sugono, 1958
Box 29, Folder 3 Rossoni, Edmondo, 1935
Box 29, Folder 3 Ruml, Beardsley, 1945
Box 29, Folder 3 Rusk, Dean, 1959
Box 29, Folder 3 Santosa, Maria Ulfah, 1958
Box 29, Folder 4 Schumaker, Kurt, 1951
Box 29, Folder 4 Shuster, George N., 1951
Box 29, Folder 4 Sjahrir, circa 1958
Box 29, Folder 4 Smit, Dr. C., 1958
Box 29, Folder 4 Smith, Walter Bedell, 1952
Box 29, Folder 4 Soony, T.V., Ludwig Reichman and unidentified, 1942
Box 29, Folder 4 Spaak, Paul-Henri, 1946, l964
Box 29, Folder 4 Stettinius, Edward R., Jr., 1944
Box 29, Folder 4 Subandrio, 1958
Box 29, Folder 4 Sukarno, President H., 1958, 1960
Box 29, Folder 4 Thant, U, 1965-1966
Box 29, Folder 5 Tito, Josip Broz, 1952
Box 29, Folder 5 Van Mook, H.J., 1958
Box 29, Folder 6 Vinogradov (Soviet Ambassador) and Dubinin, 1964
Box 29, Folder 6 Vukmanovich-Tempo, Svetozar, 1952
Box 29, Folder 6 Wallace, Henry, 1942, 1943
Box 29, Folder 6 Welles, Sumner, 1941-1945
Box 29, Folder 6 Wilkie, Wendell, 1942, 1944
Box 29, Folder 6 Winant, John Gilbert, 1942, 1946
Box 29, Folder 6 Zahir, Boesjra, circa 1958
Box 29, Folder 6 Zhanin, Vitaly Alexeyvich, 1965
Box 29, Folder 6 Visit to Berlin, 1953
Box 29, Folder 7 Visit to India, 1942, 1952
Box 29, Folder 8 Visit to Indonesia and the Netherlands, circa 1958
Box 29, Folder 9 Visit to London, 1951
Box 29, Folder 10 Visit to Paris, 1946
Box 29, Folder 11 Unidentified people (in code names), 1941-1967
Box 29, Folder 12 Series 5, Financial and Administrative Records, 1896-1970
Series Description
Series 5, Financial and Administrative Records, 1896-1970, contains tax returns, financial records, and appointment and address books arranged by document type. The tax return files include royalty statements and correspondence with accountants. Records of Fischer's professional and social appointments can be found in his annual appointment and address books (1937-1970), which he kept in addition to regular address books (circa 1948-1970).
Birth certificate, 1896
Box 29, Folder 13 Certificates and reports on teaching and army career, 1916-1920
Box 29, Folder 14 Passports and related documents, 1920-1967
Box 29, Folder 15 Tax returns and related correspondence and papers, 1942-1968
Box 30, Folder 1-3 Appointment and address books, 1937-1953
Box 30, Folder 4-7 Appointment and address books, 1954-1970
Box 31, Folder 1-4 Two address books, circa 1948-1960
Box 31, Folder 5 Series 6, Clippings and Reviews, 1926-1969
Series Description
Series 6, Clippings and Reviews, 1926-1969, contains press clippings divided into two chronologically arranged subseries: one concerning Louis Fischer's public life and one comprising book reviews. Among the former are clippings containing Fischer's statements and views in lectures, speeches, broadcasts and other public activities. These clippings also include interviews with Fischer himself and biographical notes for publicity purposes and biographical dictionaries. The book reviews concern his most well known books, and include reviews of foreign translations.
Press Clippings
Press clippings, 1927-1947
Box 32, Folder 1-6 Press clippings, 1948-1969
Box 33, Folder 1-6 Proofs and drafts: biographical entries, 1940-1964
Box 33, Folder 7 Subseries 2, Book Reviews
Dawn of Victory, 1942
Box 34, Folder 1 Empire, 1943-1944
Box 34, Folder 2 The Essential Gandhi, 1962
Box 34, Folder 3 Gandhi and Stalin, 1947-1948
Box 34, Folder 4 Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World, 1954
Box 34, Folder 5 The God that Failed, 1950
Box 34, Folder 6 The Great Challenge, 1946-1947
Box 34, Folder 7 The Life and Death of Stalin, 1952
Box 35, Folder 1 The Life of Lenin, 1964-1965
Box 35, Folder 2-3 The Life of Lenin, foreign translations, 1966-1967
Box 35, Folder 4 The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 1950-1951
Box 36, Folder 1 Machines and Men in Russia, 1932
Box 36, Folder 2 Men and Politics, 1941-1942
Box 36, Folder 3-4 Oil Imperialism, 1926-1928
Box 37, Folder 1 Russia Revisited, 1957
Box 37, Folder 2 Russia's Road from Peace to War, 1969
Box 37, Folder 3 Soviet Journey, 1935
Box 37, Folder 4 The Soviets in World Affairs (1st edition), 1930-1931
Box 37, Folder 5 The Soviets in World Affairs (2nd edition), 1951
Box 37, Folder 6 The Story of Indonesia, 1959
Box 37, Folder 7 Thirteen Who Fled, 1949
Box 37, Folder 8 This is Our World, 1956
Box 37, Folder 9 A Week with Gandhi, 1942-1944
Box 37, Folder 10 Why Recognize Russia?, 1931
Box 38, Folder 1 Miscellaneous books, 1940, 1968
Box 38, Folder 2 Series 7, Memorabilia and Miscellaneous, 1914-1969
Series Description
Series 7, Memorabilia and Miscellaneous, 1914-1969, contains various items, arranged chronologically, relating to Louis Fischer's life, including his 1914 Southern High School (Philadelphia) yearbook, where he was listed with the motto “A penny saved is a penny earned,” and other miscellaneous items. Some early research papers concerning the Soviet Union are also to be found.
Yearbook, Southern High School, Philadelphia, 1914
Box 38, Folder 3 Research materials concerning Soviet Union, 1918, 1926-1928
Box 38, Folder 4 Various memorabilia, 1919-circa 1969
Box 38, Folder 5 Miscellaneous items, 1941-1969
Box 38, Folder 6 “Gigantismachiya”, sculpture design by Ernst Neizvestnii, undated
Box 38, Folder 7 Series 8, Markoosha Fischer Papers, 1931-1977
Series Description
Series 8, Markoosha Fischer Papers, 1931-1977, is arranged in three subseries: Correspondence (arranged alphabetically), Writings (arranged alphabetically), and Personal Materials (arranged chronologically), which document her life in Europe as well as her time in the United States. The correspondence does not include letters with her husband and sons, which can be found in Series 9, Family Papers. Some of the general correspondence is in German or Russian, including that with Nikolai Troitsky (Boris Yakovlev), director of the Russian Library in Munich and subeditor for the book Thirteen Who Fled (1949). Another correspondent writing in Russian is Joseph A. Rosen, for whom Markoosha worked for one year in a new Jewish settlement in the Ukraine, before settling in Moscow in 1928.
There is some correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt, through whose intervention Markoosha and her sons were able to leave the Soviet Union. Correspondence of Paul and Hede Massing, friends from Berlin and Moscow who moved to the United States in the 1930s, is also present. George and Victor Fischer stayed with the Massings for one-and-a-half years (1931-1933), and their letters in Series 9, Family Papers, complement those found here. During the McCarthy era, Hede Massing was convicted of spying for Moscow.
Of particular interest is the correspondence from the Wloch and Wolf families, other German communists who had moved to Moscow during the Nazi regime. Elsa Wolf was Markoosha's best friend in Moscow. Erna Wloch and her children, Lothar and Margot, disappeared in 1942 after the news that her husband, a victim of the Stalin purges of 1937, had died. However, both families turned up in Berlin after the war, and their correspondence covers the immediate post-war period. Erna Wloch, who died in 1946, wrote Markoosha about mutual women acquaintances and their fates under the Nazi regime. The Wolf and Wloch correspondence contains many references to and letters from the boys, Lothar Wloch and Konrad (“Koni”) and Markus (“Mischa”) Wolf, who were good friends with Markoosha's sons. By 1980, Konrad, who had become a respected filmmaker and head of the Academy of Arts in East Germany, was planning a film about their boyhood friendship, but died before he could complete it. His brother Markus (“Mischa”) Wolf, chief of the East German foreign intelligence service, finally wrote a book on the topic: The Troika (1989).
There is disappointingly little correspondence from Markoosha's Menshevik sister Theresa Rubinstein, who served as secretary of a Russian socialist group in Germany before the First World War and with whom Markoosha lived prior to the war. (They also lived together in Copenhagen during the war.) Theresa later moved to New York. Nina Rubinstein, her daughter, was very close to Markoosha in her later years.
The Writings subseries contains material relating to Markoosha's own books, which were based on her experiences in the Soviet Union and in Germany (where she worked for the International Rescue and Relief Committee (IRRC) between 1948 and 1951). Her unpublished manuscripts contain three chapters excluded from her My Lives in Russia. The first two describe her childhood in Lithuania, her youth in a Swiss “finishing school,” her time at Lausanne University, and the years afterwards, when she lived with her sister, Theresa. Of particular interest are her anecdotes concerning the Russian revolutionary exiles she met in this period, including Karl Radek, Alexandra Kollontai, Yuri Larin, and Maxim Gorki. Her third chapter, covering the period 1916-1922, contains a full account of her experiences as a secretary and translator at the 1922 Genoa Conference, with a description of all the Russian officials she met. In addition to these early chapters, there is an account of the period from July 1938 to January 1939, originally intended to be published as a sequel to My Lives in Russia. In it, Markoosha describes the Soviet secret police's attempts to recruit her after she had applied for a visa to the United States.
The unpublished manuscripts also contain drafts and notes for a third novel, Anya. Her first novel, The Nazarovs (1948), described four generations of a Russian family between 1892 and 1942 and the perspective of each family member on that time span. The Right to Love (1956), dealt with three love affairs in the post-war ruins of Berlin. In Anya, Markoosha addressed the Jewish question in the Soviet Union. For all four books, including her last, Reunion in Moscow (1962), there is a file with correspondence from the publisher (Harper's), readers and friends, and book reviews (many from scrapbooks).
The Personal Materials subseries contains memorabilia, clippings and publicity (mainly for Markoosha's lecture series), financial records and correspondence (mainly royalty statements) and appointment and address books. Among the memorabilia is a typescript copy of poems by Boris Pasternak.
Correspondence
A-Z, 1939-1975
Box 39, Folder 1 Andreichin, Ilsa, circa 1957
Box 39, Folder 2 Bychkov, Ida and Vladimir (Volodye), 1975
Box 39, Folder 3 Emerson, Gloria, 1971
Box 39, Folder 4 Halsted, Isabella (Ibby), 1958-1977
Box 39, Folder 5 Harper & Brothers, 1952-1961
Box 39, Folder 6 Hindus, Maurice, 1941
Box 39, Folder 7 International Rescue and Relief Committee, 1950, 1952
Box 39, Folder 8 Lerner, Max, 1947
Box 39, Folder 9 Massing, Paul and Hede, and Herta, 1933-1944, 1959-1976
Box 39, Folder 10 Minischki, I., 1952
Box 39, Folder 11 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1939, 1948
Box 39, Folder 12 Rosen, Joseph A., 1940-1948
Box 39, Folder 13 Rubinstein, Teresa and Nina, 1931
Box 39, Folder 14 Troitsky, Nikolai (“Boris Yakovlev”), 1949-1955
Box 39, Folder 15 Wloch, Erna, 1945-1946
Box 39, Folder 16 Wloch, Margot, Lothar and Eva, 1946-1952, 1971-1976
Box 39, Folder 17 Wolf, Elsa (“Meni”), and Konrad (“Koni”), 1939-1948, 1973-1976
Box 39, Folder 18 Unidentified, 1946-1976
Box 39, Folder 19 Writings
My Lives in Russia (1944), 1940-1948
Box 39, Folder 20 The Nazarovs (1948), 1946-1952
Box 39, Folder 21 The Right to Love (1956), 1949-1956
Box 39, Folder 22 Reunion in Moscow, a Russian Revisits her Country (1962), 1959-1967
Box 40, Folder 1 Articles, reviews and letters to the editor, 1942-1951, 1966
Box 40, Folder 2 Unpublished manuscripts: “Childhood” and “Youth”, circa 1944
Box 40, Folder 3 Unpublished manuscripts: “Moscow, Jul 1938-Jan 1939”, undated
Box 40, Folder 4 Unpublished manuscripts: “Anya”, undated
Box 40, Folder 5 Unpublished manuscripts: “Anya”, undated
Box 40, Folder 6 Unpublished manuscripts: “Anya” (notes), undated
Box 40, Folder 7 Personal Materials
Memorabilia, 1940-1958 and undated
Box 40, Folder 8 Clippings and publicity for lecture series, 1941-1958
Box 40, Folder 9 Financial documents and correspondence, 1948-1958
Box 40, Folder 10 Appointment and address books, 1973-1977
Box 40, Folder 11 Series 9, Family Papers, 1922-1978
Series Description
Series 9, Family Papers, 1922-1978, is divided into two subseries: Family Correspondence (arranged by correspondent) and Miscellaneous Family Papers (arranged chronologically). The large majority of the family correspondence subseries is the correspondence between Louis and Markoosha, and between both of them and their sons George and Victor and their families. Because Louis and Markoosha lived very separate lives, letters written to them both were often forwarded to each other, or sent in duplicate. Letters from Louis, Markoosha, or one of the children to all family members are filed among the Louis-Markoosha correspondence; letters to or from both sons are kept among George's correspondence. The family papers concern the death of Louis and Markoosha Fischer (including estate papers) and some administrative papers.
The correspondence between Louis and Markoosha before her emigration does not contain letters from Louis apart from one in 1933 (a copy he kept); Markoosha destroyed his letters before she left the Soviet Union. Markoosha's letters for this period are an account of her daily life, the children, her jobs, health, financial situation, and news about their friends in Moscow or Berlin. Markoosha used this correspondence as a reference when she wrote My Lives in Russia. After her and her sons' emigration in 1939, the correspondence between Louis and Markoosha reflected their marital estrangement. As they did not live together, they wrote about themselves, their relationship, their writing, their children, and their financial problems, including Markoosha's need for financial support, which caused many tensions.
The first few years after the family moved to the United States seem to have been overshadowed by Markoosha's attempts to come to terms with the state of her marriage and to set up her own life as a writer and lecturer in the shadow of her husband. She lived at the farm they bought in Quakertown, Pennsylvania (next to the Massings), and was visited by Louis and their sons George and Victor, who by September 1942 had both left home. In 1944 Markoosha received her first lecture contract, and Louis sent her advice on how to maximize the publicity for her just-published book. By this time they wrote each other on a daily basis and on quite friendly terms. In addition, Markoosha filed his correspondence and press clippings, and did some typing for him.
Of particular interest is the correspondence from in the years 1948-1952, which Markoosha spent primarily in Europe. During the first year she worked for the IRRC at displaced persons camps in Germany. Part of the correspondence is about the work for the book Thirteen Who Fled, thirteen personal stories of disaffected Russian émigrés. It was a Fischer family project: Louis was the editor, Markoosha the intermediary between him and the subeditor Nikolai Troitsky (Boris Yakovlev), and Victor and his wife Gloria were translators. After this year Markoosha spent time in Italy writing, before returning to the United States in spring 1950. Markoosha's letters are manifold and lively, but Louis wrote very little in this period. He did encourage his wife to write and be creative, rather than to work for the IRRC. However, she did decide to return to work for the IRRC once more, in Paris. After returning to the United States in 1952, Markoosha went through emotional difficulties. She sold the family farm that summer, lived in various places, and came down with health problems, such that in 1954 doctors told her that she should not strain herself in any way. Louis, however, kept encouraging her to write. From 1956 on, their correspondence was strained and soon virtually nonexistent.
There is significant correspondence from George and Victor Fischer and their families to their parents, especially Markoosha. Of special interest is the correspondence of the boys' years in the Army, where George became a captain and was sent to Europe, presumably because of his knowledge of Russian. The correspondence documents their subsequent careers and family lives. Victor married Gloria Rubinstein while in the Army in 1944, and began a career in town planning and urban development. In 1951 they moved to Alaska where Victor became involved with politics and the movement for Alaskan statehood. Their children Greg, Yonni and Joe were adopted between 1957 and 1959. George followed a career in Russian studies and political science, and became professor at Brandeis, Cornell, Columbia and City University of New York. He married twice: Kitty Hoag in 1948, and Elinor (Nell) Halsted in 1958. George and Nell had two children, Sara and Mark.
The folders containing other than family correspondence consist primarily of George's correspondence concerning his father's death, papers, and estate. Among the correspondence with non-family members are some letters from Svetlana Allilueva to George after his father's death, 1970-1972.
Family Correspondence
between Louis and Markoosha, 1929-1939
Box 41, Folder 1-2 from Louis to Markoosha, 1939-1941
Box 41, Folder 3 from Markoosha to Louis, circa 1939-1941
Box 41, Folder 4 between Louis and Markoosha, 1942-1947
Box 41, Folder 5-9 between Louis and Markoosha, 1948-1953
Box 42, Folder 1-5 between Louis and Markoosha, 1954-1969, undated
Box 43, Folder 1-4 between George and Victor and their parents, 1929-1939
Box 44, Folder 5 between George and his parents, 1940-1944
Box 44, Folder 6-8 between George and his parents, 1945-1947
Box 44, Folder 1-3 between George and Kitty and his parents, 1948-1949
Box 44, Folder 4-5 between George and Kitty and his parents, 1950-1954
Box 45, Folder 1-5 between George and his parents, 1955-1957
Box 45, Folder 6-8 between George and Nell and his parents, 1958-1964
Box 46, Folder 1-7 between George and Nell and his parents, 1965-1977
Box 47, Folder 1-3 between Sara and Mark Fischer and Markoosha, 1967-1977 and undated
Box 47, Folder 4 between Victor and his parents, 1940-1943
Box 47, Folder 5-7 between Victor and Gloria (“Glovit”) and his parents, 1944-1969
Box 48, Folder 1-11 between Victor and Gloria (“Glovit”) and Markoosha, 1970-1977, undated
Box 49, Folder 1-3 from Greg, Yonni and Joe Fischer to Markoosha, 1959-1977
Box 49, Folder 4 from grandchildren to Louis, 1967-1969 and undated
Box 49, Folder 5 between George and Victor, 1943, 1973-1976
Box 49, Folder 6 between George and Victor and non-family members, 1946-1974
Box 49, Folder 7 Miscellaneous Family Papers
Fischer family: Certificates of marriage, birth and naturalization and related papers, 1922, 1923, 1939, 1941
Box 49, Folder 8 George Fischer: publications, 1948-1966
Box 49, Folder 9 Victor Fischer: records re his military service, 1943-1944
Box 49, Folder 10 Victor Fischer: papers re Alaskan statehood and miscellaneous, 1953-1954
Box 49, Folder 11 Victor Fischer: Report on a visit to the USSR for the ISEGR (Alaska), 1974
Box 49, Folder 12 Louis Fischer: obituaries re his death and memorial service tributes, 1970
Box 50, Folder 1 Louis Fischer: papers re his cremation, 1970
Box 50, Folder 2 Louis Fischer: letters of condolence re his death, 1970
Box 50, Folder 3 Louis Fischer: correspondence re the Fischer Estate, 1970-1977
Box 50, Folder 4 Louis Fischer: correspondence re the 'The Road to Yalta' (posthumous), 1970-1977
Box 50, Folder 5 Louis Fischer: correspondence re the donation of the Fischer Papers to Princeton University Library, 1970-1977
Box 50, Folder 6 Louis Fischer: correspondence re the maiden and married name of Tatjana Leschenko, 1973-1978
Box 50, Folder 7 Markoosha Fischer: last will and testament and related papers, 1965, 1971-1977
Box 50, Folder 8 Markoosha Fischer: correspondence re her medical condition and death, 1970, 1976-1977
Box 50, Folder 9 Markoosha Fischer: financial records and notes re her health and death, 1974-1977
Box 50, Folder 10 Markoosha Fischer: letters of condoleance concerning her death, 1977
Box 50, Folder 11 Series 10, Photographs, circa 1890-1977
Series Description
Series 10, Photographs, circa 1890-1977, contains photographs arranged into four groups: photos relating to Louis Fischer; photos relating to Markoosha Fischer; family photographs; and others. Besides some photographs of his parents and school classes, the early Louis Fischer photographs are predominantly of his service in Britain's Jewish Legion 1917-1920. The period 1922-1938 includes images of the Soviet Union, photos with fellow foreign correspondents in Moscow and Eisenstein's film crew, cartoons of Fischer (1931), and photographs of Fischer in Spain and at the Geneva conference in 1938. The photographs for the period 1939-1946 include many photographs of Fischer with Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Photos from 1958 include a visit to Indonesia and the Rhodes conference.
The Markoosha Fischer photographs include images of her family, her youth and childhood, her work at the International Rescue and Relief Committee, including photos of the displaced persons camp in Schleissheim, and her friends and travels in that same period, as well as of a visit to the Soviet Union in 1960. The majority of photographs depicting her are family photographs. They include early photographs of Louis and Markoosha together and cover the Berlin and Moscow period (1922-1939), some photographs of the boat trip to the United States, and family scenes at the farm in Quakertown, Alaska, and elsewhere, including reunions with Erna, Margot and Lothar Wloch.
The photographs of other individuals, which do not contain any of the Fischers, have partly been used as illustrations for Fischer's books. They include many shots of Gandhi and Nehru, Stalin, Philippine secretary and later President Ramon Magsaysay (circa 1950-1957), Soviet officials and scenes, including the early 1920s, and Franklin Roosevelt's trip to Yalta in 1945. The last box contains oversize photographs, including some portraits of Louis Fischer, Alexander Kerensky, Joseph Stalin, Fischer with Tito, and pages of a family photo album (1925-1939). The latter include Moscow scenes, as well as a photo of the Open Road Group arriving in Moscow.
Louis Fischer, circa 1890-1921
Box 51 Louis Fischer, 1922-1934
Box 52 Louis Fischer, 1935-1938
Box 53 Louis Fischer, 1939-1946
Box 54 Louis Fischer, 1947-1957
Box 55 Louis Fischer, 1958
Box 56 Louis Fischer, 1959-1969
Box 57 Markoosha Fischer, 1909-1951
Box 58 Markoosha Fischer: album re her work at the IRRC, 1948-1951
Box 59 Markoosha Fischer and family life, 1922-1930s, 1960
Box 60 Family life, 1930s-1939
Box 61 Family life, 1939-1958
Box 62 Family life, 1958-1977
Box 63 Individuals and groups not including Louis Fischer or family members, 1920s-1960s
Box 64 Oversize photographs and family album 1925-1938, 1925-1965
Box 65 Series 11, Audiovisual and Oversize Items, 1921-1970
Series Description
Series 11, Audiovisual and Oversize Items, 1921-1970, contains primarily sound recordings, including talks and interviews that Louis Fischer gave during his life, some disc mailers of family and friends, and his memorial service in 1970. There are two black and white films, including one of family scenes in Moscow circa 1935. All items in this series are individually described in the folder list.
Film: 35mm film of family scenes, Moscow, circa 1935
Box 66, Folder 1 Audiotape, 7” reel to reel, “The God that Failed” no. 1, circa 1950
Box 66, Folder 2 Audiotape, 7” reel to reel, ”The God that Failed” no. 2, circa 1950
Box 66, Folder 3 Audiotape, 7” reel to reel, Interview Radio Liberty 9/28/1964, 1964
Box 66, Folder 4 Audiotape, 7” reel to reel, Talk at Stephens College 3/14/1966, 1966
Box 66, Folder 5 Audiotape, 7” reel to reel, “Akron University” 3/13/1966 no. 1, 1966
Box 66, Folder 6 Audiotape, 5” reel to reel, “Akron University” 3/13/1966 no. 2, 1966
Box 66, Folder 7 Audiotape, 5” reel to reel, labeled “L.F. 10:25”, undated
Box 66, Folder 8 Film: 16mm Paris (?), undated
Box 67, Folder 1 Audiotapes, 3” reel to reel, Victor Fischer's family, Alaska, Dec 1966
Box 67, Folder 2 Audiotapes, 3“ reel to reel, Victor Fischer's family, Alaska, Jan-Feb 1967
Box 67, Folder 3 Audiotapes, 3“ reel to reel, Victor Fischer's family, Alaska, Feb-Apr 1967
Box 67, Folder 4 Audiotapes, 3“ reel to reel, Victor Fischer's family, Alaska, Apr-Nov 1967
Box 67, Folder 5 Audiotapes, 3“ reel to reel, not identified, undated
Box 67, Folder 6 33 1/3 LP: Richard Crossmann on The God that Failed 1/2, circa 1950
Box 68, Folder 1 33 1/3 LP: Richard Crossmann on The God that Failed 3/4, circa 1950
Box 68, Folder 2 33 1/3 LP: Interview Radio Liberty (in Russian) 9/28/1964, 1964
Box 68, Folder 3 33 1/3 LP: Interview re Russia's Road from Peace to War, June 1969
Box 68, Folder 4 Audio tape, Interview re Russia's Road from Peace to War, June 1969
Box 68, Folder 5 33 1/3 LP: Louis Fischer's Memorial Service 1/23/1970, 1970
Box 68, Folder 6 Sound scriber disc mailer: unknown contents, 1944
Box 68, Folder 7 Sound scriber disc mailer: unknown contents, 1944
Box 68, Folder 8 Sound scriber disc mailer: Louis Fischer to Helen Savadge, 1948
Box 68, Folder 9 Sound scriber disc mailer: Carlo Perron; Nino (?), April 4, 1948
Box 68, Folder 10 Sound scriber disc mailer: Martin Agronsky, April 1948
Box 68, Folder 11 Sound scriber disc mailer: George and Victor Fischer, April 4, 1948
Box 68, Folder 12 Sound scriber disc mailer: George and Kitty Fischer, April 4, 1948
Box 68, Folder 13 Sound scriber disc mailer: Markoosha, George and Louis Fischer, May 5, 1948
Box 68, Folder 14 Sound scriber disc mailer: Gershon Agronsky, Jan 25, 1949
Box 68, Folder 15 Sound scriber disc mailer: Address to Liberal Party “There will be peace” (?), May 26, 1949
Box 68, Folder 16 Certificate of National Book Award, 1964
Box 68, Folder 17 Photo of Farewell Luncheon to Jewish Journalists by Chaim Weizmann, April 6, 1921
Box 68, Folder 18
Books by Louis Fischer
Books by Louis Fischer (In Chronological Order)
- Oil Imperialism: The International Struggle for Petroleum, International Publishers, 1926.
- The Soviets in World Affairs: A History of Relations Between the Soviet Union and the Rest of the World, 1917-1939, two volumes, J. Cape and H. Smith, 1930, 2nd edition, Princeton University Press, 1951, abridged edition, Vintage, 1960.
- Why Recognize Russia?: The Arguments For and Against the Recognition of the Soviet Government by the United States, J. Cape & H. Smith, 1931.
- Machines and Men in Russia, photographs by Margaret Bourke-White, H. Smith, 1932.
- Soviet Journey, H. Smith & P. Haas, 1935, Greenwood, 1973.
- The War in Spain, The Nation, 1937 (published in England as Why Spain Fights On, Union of Democratic Control, 1937).
- Stalin and Hitler: The Reasons for and the Results of the Nazi-Bolshevik Pact, The Nation, 1940.
- Men and Politics: An Autobiography, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1941, reissued as Men and Politics: Europe Between the World Wars, Harper, 1966.
- Dawn of Victory, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1941.
- A Week with Gandhi, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1942 (published in England with an introduction by Carl Heath, Allen & Unwin, 1943).
- Empire, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943.
- The Great Challenge, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1946.
- Gandhi and Stalin: Two Signs at the World's Crossroads, Harper, 1947.
- (Editor) Thirteen Who Fled, Harper, 1949.
- (Contributor) Richard Howard Crossman, editor, The God That Failed, Harper, 1949.
- The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, Harper, 1950.
- The Life and Death of Stalin, Harper, 1952.
- Two Days That Shook the Soviet World: The Impossible Revolution in East Germany, Popular Book Depot (Bombay), 1954.
- Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World, New American Library, 1954.
- This Is Our World, Harper, 1956.
- Russia Revisited: A New Look at Russia and Her Satellites, Doubleday, 1957.
- The Story of Indonesia, Harper, 1959.
- (Editor and author of introduction) Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative, Longmans, Green, 1960.
- Russia, America and the World, Harper, 1961.
- (Editor) The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology, Random House, 1962, reissued as The Essential Gandhi: His Life, Work, and Ideas, Vintage, 1963.
- The Life of Lenin, Harper, 1964.
- Fifty Years of Soviet Communism: An Appraisal, Popular Library, 1968.
- Russia's Road from Peace to War: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1917-1941, Harper, 1969.
- The Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941-1945, Harper, 1972.
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