American Civil Liberties Union Records: Project Files Series, 1947-1995: Finding Aid

Permanent URL: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/3n203z108

American Civil Liberties Union Records: Project Files Series, 1947-1995: Finding Aid

MC001.02.02

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Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library
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Princeton, New Jersey 08540 USA
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Published in 2003

Summary Information

Creator:: American Civil Liberties Union.
Title and dates:: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Project Files Series, 1947-1995
Abstract:: The American Civil Liberties Union Records document the activities of the Union in protecting individual rights from 1920 through 1995. The files contain materials on freedom of speech, expression, and association; due process of law; equality before the law; legal case files; and organizational records. Within these categories files reflect subject areas such as academic freedom, censorship, racial discrimination, aliens' rights, privacy concerns, labor concerns, amnesty, and government loyalty and security. The files reflect work on litigation, advocacy and public policy, and subject files on various areas of interest connected with civil liberties. Materials include correspondence, court documents, memoranda, printed matter, minutes, reports, briefs, and legal files. Also included are materials from ACLU affiliate organizations, and the Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee.
Size:: 75.5 linear feet (181 boxes)
Call number:: MC001.02.02
Location:: Princeton University Library. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.
Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library.
Public Policy Papers.
Princeton, New Jersey 08540 USA
Language(s) of material:: English.
Storage note:: This collection is stored onsite at the Mudd Manuscript Library.

History of the American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was established in 1920 to protect the specific constitutional freedoms in the Bill of Rights. In 1915 the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM) was formed to prevent United States involvement in World War I with Crystal Eastman serving as executive secretary. Roger Baldwin became executive director in 1917. Immediately upon United States entry in World War I, the AUAM was inundated with requests for aid to protect free speech, assembly and press which were threatened with political restriction imposed upon U.S. entry into the war and to defend the rights of conscientious objectors. A separate organization was needed to safeguard these rights, and thus the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB) was established in the autumn of 1917 with Roger Baldwin as director.

For the history of the ACLU during the Baldwin years, see the history in the ACLU finding aid, 1912-1950.

The ACLU, 1950-1995: The Trials of Growth

The forty years between 1950 and 1990 were a time of significant growth for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Membership increased twenty-five times, and the Union's impact on the legal landscape was broad and deep. One historian decreed that the decade after 1954 witnessed “the greatest advances in civil liberties in American history,” with significant gains for African-Americans, women, students, the mentally-ill, prisoners, and others previously denied the full protection afforded by the U.S. Constitution. This period also saw the end to much censorship and the decoupling of church/state activity. The ACLU's boom was not without the threat of bust, however. The organization restructured itself several times as it wrestled to reflect internally the principles it espoused publicly. Its expansion into new areas of civil rights along with its firm stand on the First Amendment produced episodes that threatened the ACLU's viability.

Organizational Expansion

In the years immediately following World War II, younger, non-founding members of the ACLU Board pressed for and eventually achieved a structural reorganization that led to the Union's present configuration. In 1950, Roger Baldwin's role changed from administrator to ambassador, in which he toured, lectured, and wrote on civil liberties issues. While at the helm of the ACLU, Baldwin preferred that the ACLU remain a small, centrally-controlled unit with himself at the helm, something that changed under the administration of his successor, Patrick Murphy Malin. A Swarthmore economist, Malin lacked Baldwin's charm and speaking skills, but he was a successful administrator who oversaw the growth of the organization from 9,000 members in 1950 to over 60,000 by the time of his departure in 1962.

Much of this growth can be attributed to the expansion of local affiliates at the state and regional level that had their own boards and acted upon local civil liberties issues. Many served as watchdogs--ensuring that civil rights victories won by the national ACLU in the high courts were enforced at the local level--while other affiliates were active in initiating cases, often with more absolutist positions than the national office. Though the affiliates had a voice in deciding the national chapter's direction and policy since 1954, the organizational mechanism by which this was accomplished was cumbersome, changing several times. A workable method was found in 1967 with the creation of an 80-member board of directors comprised of representatives from all the affiliates and thirty at-large members. In addition, starting in 1959 and continuing to the present, the ACLU held biennial conferences to inform membership on pertinent topics, and to gather their views on civil liberties issues.

The Cold War and Civil Liberties

Historian Samuel Walker divides the ACLU's area of activity between 1950-1990 into four broad areas: Cold War issues, censorship, church/state, and civil rights. The beginning of the Cold War, the rise of Joseph McCarthy and the re-emergence of the House Committee on Un- American Activities (HUAC) created an atmosphere of intolerance and suspicion that not only posed a threat to individual civil liberties, but also destroyed the lives of many caught in the web spun by the Wisconsin Senator and his minions. The ACLU challenged the actions of McCarthy and HUAC on the tenet that only peoples' acts, not their beliefs, should be penalized; anything less infringed on First Amendment principle.

While the ACLU had not always lived up to these same principles (in 1940 it ousted board member Elizabeth Gurley Flynn for her membership in the Communist Party), by the early 1950s the ACLU did not hesitate to aid in the publication of Merle Miller's The Judges and the Judged. The book detailed HUAC's and McCarthy's red-baiting tactics, such as the prevalent use of unnamed (and hence unreliable or unanswerable) sources, guilt by association or exercise of one's Fifth Amendment rights, and other questionable means that resulted in blacklistings and firings of many in unions, the film industry, and the teaching profession. The ACLU called for the abolition of HUAC, attacked any measure that punished Communist Party members or denied them rights based solely on party membership ( Kent v. Dulles, for example), and sought fair and open investigations for the accused. In testament to its strict adherence to principle, the ACLU reminded the United States Senate of its obligation to provide McCarthy a fair hearing when it began censure proceedings against him in 1954.

The ACLU may have stood up for the rights of the accused more readily in 1950 than it did in 1940 because Roger Baldwin had developed a quid pro quo with J. Edgar Hoover in which the ACLU did not publicize FBI civil rights violations, and high-level Union officers cooperated with the Bureau. Baldwin and others thought that this cooperation, in conjunction with the Flynn resolution, inoculated the Union against attack as a Communist-front organization, freeing it to spend its energies defending constitutional principle, not itself. This arrangement, shocking when revealed in later years, did not prevent the FBI from continuing its massive surveillance of the ACLU and its members.

Red hunters cited national security as the basis for their actions, a justification that the government would continue to invoke and one that the ACLU contested in such cases as the Pentagon Papers ( U.S. v. New York Times), Watergate ( U.S. v. Nixon), and Iran-Contra. In 1969, 13 years after Joseph McCarthy's death, the ACLU's vigilance bore the ultimate fruit in Brandenburg v. Ohio in which the Supreme Court ruled that the government only could punish direct incitement to lawless action, thereby invalidating the Smith Act and all state sedition laws that restricted radical political thought.

Censorship and Freedom of Speech

The cousin to McCarthyism's national security cause was the drive to protect people from printed materials and movies that promoted Communism or were perceived to erode community morals. Censorship attempts were, from the ACLU's point of view, a fundamental attack on free speech, and over the course of three decades, the Union came to adopt an absolutist position, suffering no infringement in any form. Beginning with a 1952 Supreme Court victory in Burstyn v. Wilson/McCaffrey in which the high court declared that states cannot prohibit the screening of films based on state-based standards, the ACLU rang up a string of court victories. These, combined with changing market pressures, brought a complete end to many common censorship practices by the 1960s ( Jacobellis v. Ohio), including the sharp curtailment of post office censorship ( Hannegan v. Esquire).

In a related decision, the Supreme Court gave a boost to freedom of the press in New York Times v. Sullivan which declared that public officials could not sue for defamation unless they proved “actual malice,” thereby providing the media with heretofore unknown freedom to report critically. Freedom of speech was extended, with the ACLU's assistance, by placing it above property rights in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, with the high court deciding that a shopping center could not forbid the distribution of political pamphlets on its premises.

Perhaps the most famous free speech issue of the ACLU's history, and certainly one that had the greatest impact on the organization, was the pitched battle over American Nazis' right to parade through Skokie, Illinois in 1977. Half the town's 70,000 citizens were Jewish, and about 1,000 were Holocaust survivors, but this did not dissuade the ACLU (then headed by Aryeh Neier who was Jewish) from taking on the Nazis' cause in what the ACLU considered a “classic First Amendment case.”

What the Union did not count on was a vigorous counter-argument by the Jewish Defense League, nor the loss of the support of its long-time ally, the American Jewish Congress. The ACLU won the court case, though the Nazis never marched in Skokie (ultimately parading at a site in downtown Chicago), but the highly-publicized case caused a backlash resulting in a large drop in membership. Neier, who had assumed the executive director's post after the departure of John de J. Pemberton in 1970 and was accustomed to growing membership rolls and increasing budgets, found himself unable to reconcile the organization's activities with available funds and resigned. His successor, Ira Glasser, initiated an emergency appeal to supporters and raised over $500,000, allowing him to re-structure organizationally and financially, placing the ACLU back in the black and ready for the looming trials of the Reagan Revolution.

Church/State

The ACLU earned the enmity of many for its efforts in enforcing the separation of church and state. Working to end state-sanctioned forms of religion, predominantly mainstream Protestantism, the ACLU sought to abolish school prayer, various government subsidies for religious education, and other connections between government and religious activity. Starting in 1947 with Everson v. Board of Education, the court delineated the Establishment Clause and the ACLU began to challenge long-entrenched government support for religious activity. Assailing school prayer, the ACLU won high court decisions to end it ( Engel v. Vitale and Abingdon School District v. Schempp). It also re-fought the Scopes trial ( Epperson v. Arkansas) in Arkansas which had required the teaching of creationism as well as evolution.

Frequently working in conjunction with Protestants United for the Separation of Church and State (later Americans United…) and the American Jewish Congress, the ACLU repeatedly clashed with the desires of the Roman Catholic Church on issues such as censorship, birth control, or school aid, often with the ACLU the victor. By the late 1960s, changes in public attitude toward church/state issues cemented the organization's gains, as many mainstream churches accepted the delineation. However, fundamentalist religions continued challenging laws on public prayer issues into the 1990s, with little effect ( Wallace v. Jaffree). Often, the affiliates bore the brunt of enforcement on church/state separation, acting to check sometimes frequent local infringements, thus proving Roger Baldwin's assertion that “no victory ever stays won.”

Civil Rights

The First Amendment clearly delineates free speech protection and church/state separation, and it was easy for the ACLU to pick up the banner for these causes. However, most of the ACLU's work from the 1950s onward involved the more ambiguous and complex realm of civil rights, helping secure the rights or expanding the concept of those same rights for those who had been denied them in the past such as African-Americans, women, homosexuals, children, the mentally-ill, prisoners, and the accused. In this multifaceted arena, the ACLU found itself embroiled both internally and externally, as the national organization sought to define its mission even as state affiliates and regional offices acted on their own accord, usually pushing further and harder than the national organization planned to go.

For example, during the Vietnam War ACLU moderates clashed with anti-war activists over the issue of representing Dr. Benjamin Spock, the famous pediatrician and prominent anti-war activist accused of interfering with the functions of government when he organized a “Stop the Draft” Week in 1968. Legal director Melvin Wulf first announced that the ACLU would represent Spock, only to be overruled by the national board, prompting the Massachusetts affiliate to take up Spock's cause. Though ultimately the government would drop its case, pro- Spock members saw the case as an opportunity to raise questions about the Vietnam War's legitimacy (as well as freedom of speech), while moderates viewed that issue as outside the ACLU's scope. It also brought to the fore a long-simmering debate over whether the ACLU should participate directly in lawsuits or contribute amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs to other cases. After reviewing its most recent past activity, the Union decided that they had de facto become directly involved in cases and would continue as such.

Despite the organizational turmoil, a discussion of the ACLU's legal success under the civil rights rubric threatens to become a numbing list of historic Supreme Court decisions. Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and tolled the end of government-endorsed segregation was one of many cases in which the ACLU worked together with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to win rights for African-Americans. The ACLU participated in all the major civil rights cases, arguing for freedom of speech and association rights that allowed the sit-ins, freedom rides, and other methods employed by the movement.

Other famous high court cases in which the ACLU partook include: Griswold v. Connecticut, which recognized a right to privacy, thereby laying the foundation for future abortion rights decisions; Tinker v. Des Moines and In re Gault, two cases recognizing that minors enjoyed some Constitutional protection, especially in regard to freedom of speech and due process; and Miranda v. Arizona, Mapp v. Ohio, Escobedo v. Illinois, and Gideon v. Wainwright, all of which expanded the rights of the accused, mandating an explanation of their rights and access to counsel, and placing limits on police action. (While these last cases caused many police groups to view the ACLU with hostility, the Union also defended a police officer's right to belong to conservative political organizations such as the John Birch Society.)

As the concept of civil rights expanded, the ACLU started several special projects designed to focus solely on specific topics, including the Mental Health Law Project, the Project on Amnesty, the Privacy Project, the Women's Rights Project, the Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, and Prisoners' Rights Project. Each project worked not only to change the law, but to educate the public and raise their own funds.

Expansion Issues

The Children's Rights Project is an example of how the ACLU changed itself from a small, centrally-controlled organization to an expansive confederacy of groups working to advance the goal of civil liberties. With its roots in the 1970s and located at the national organization's office in New York City, it was one of the focused projects financially seeded by the national organization. In 1995, it had become successful enough to incorporate itself and separate from the ACLU organizationally, physically, and financially. Another sign of growth was the start of the regional offices. In addition to the Washington, D.C. office (established 1938) the Southern Regional Office in Atlanta was organized in 1964 and the Mountain States Regional Office in Denver a few years later. Each handled cases particular to their geographic areas, as well as the usual range of cases that interested the ACLU. This led to varying interpretations of ACLU policy which resulted in the creation of the ACLU's official policy guides, issued first in 1966 and revised periodically. These represented the ACLU's attempt to coordinate and control the types of cases the Union would take on and to shepherd resources along coordinated lines.

Unfortunately, the national organization had trouble determining what path to take, as many individuals within the organization pulled in different directions. Exacerbating this problem was the ACLU's re-structuring which attempted to reconcile the many voices in the civil liberties debate. After the first re-organization which opened up policy making to affiliates in 1954, the ACLU re-organized again in 1964, establishing a two-tiered system of governance in which affiliate representatives met twice a year and the board of directors in between. The dichotomy did not provide any stability and three years later, the Union re-organized once again, establishing its one-body 80-member board. Throughout this time, the ACLU continued its board committees--some standing, others ad hoc--which focused on particular issues such as academic freedom or due process. In later years, the rise of the special projects would overtake some of the committees' work and the role of the committees would be reduced, though not eliminated.

The establishment of the Roger N. Baldwin/ACLU Foundation in 1967 was another major organizational change for the ACLU. The Union created the charitable fund-raising arm to pay attorneys to work on the ACLU's behalf, signalling the end of the national organization's long- standing reliance on volunteer lawyers. Though volunteer attorneys continued to play a significant role in many of the affiliates, even there some groups, such as the New York and Southern California affiliates, had a history of paying for legal representation. The Foundation's purpose was to solicit funds from, among other places, other foundations, and during its early years much of its resources supported civil rights work in the South. In later years, it would provide initial funds for many of the special projects, gather any legal fees won by the project lawyers, applying the funds against the project's overhead costs.

These changes reflected not only the organization's growth, but also its expanding interpretation of what constituted civil liberties work. Starting with the civil rights movement and continuing on through the Vietnam War and Watergate, the ACLU fought internally, often bitterly, over the scope and nature of its work. In this battle, the broad interpreters of the Union's mission won out, as the organization took on cases involving abortion rights, women's rights, affirmative action, and other areas, far from the basic principle of protecting First Amendment rights on which the Union was founded.

The 1980s and early 1990s

The ACLU emerged from the 1970s a victor of many legal battles and organizationally strong. However, despite its track record and strength, the ACLU would not ring up a string of Supreme Court victories in the 1980s and 1990s as it had in the previous two decades. Public sentiment, long an ally in many areas, had shifted against the organization, to the point that ACLU membership was identified as out-of-the-mainstream. In the 1988 presidential election, GOP candidate George Bush, willfully unaware of nearly fifty years of Supreme Court decisions, echoed the phrase of Joseph McCarthy in calling his opponent, Michael Dukakis, a “card- carrying member of the ACLU” for his opposition to a flag-salute requirement. The Bush accusation reflected the state of public awareness of civil liberties in the 1980s as the ACLU re- fought a number of battles over such issues as censorship, school prayer, creationism, and abortion rights. In the area of censorship, the Union withstood challenges from both right and left, the latter trying to censor publications under the rubric of protecting women. However, the ACLU stood firm in its belief in the absolute freedom of speech.

The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights were written to guarantee that the rights of the minority would not be infringed upon by the majority; the ACLU's accomplishments during the twentieth century helped to ensure that unpopular views would be tolerated, and indirectly, to remind people that it is an uncommon nation that commonly tolerates challenges to the majority view.

Description

These Records document the activities of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in protecting individual rights between 1947 and 1995. The collection contains correspondence, clippings, court documents, memoranda, printed matter, minutes, reports, briefs, legal files, exhibit materials, and audio-visual materials. Also included are materials from ACLU affiliate organizations, the Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee and national office legal department records (1945-1960).

Due to the exceptionally large volume within the ACLU Records, succinct series and subseries descriptions have been written, providing a basic outline of the records available. The researcher should always consult the folder list to ascertain if the records contain a topic of interest since not all subjects are mentioned in these brief descriptions.

The researcher should also be aware that many topics may be covered in more than one series or subseries. For instance, materials concerning freedom of the press are located in both the Mass Communications and Censorship subseries. Often the series descriptions note similar materials found in other parts of this collection. Due to limitations in processing time, not every file is in exact chronological or alphabetical order.

Arrangement

Series 2: Project Files, 1964-1979
Subseries 2A: Amnesty Project, 1964-1980 [bulk 1971-1977]
Subseries 2B: Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee, 1964-1976 [bulk 1964-1968]
Subseries 2C: Privacy Project, 1971-1978 [bulk 1974-1978]

Access and Use

Access

This agreement describes the limits on access to portions of the American Civil Liberties Union Records as provided by paragraph six of the agreement between the American Civil Liberties Union and the Princeton University Library dated on March 1993. These restrictions may be revised from time to time at the initiation of either party.

Consistent with its support of freedom of information and informed public discourse on matters of public interest, the American Civil Liberties Union Records will be completely open to researchers. However, sections of the Records shall be closed for stated periods of time to protect privacy, confidentiality, and attorney-client privilege. The following categories of records shall be restricted as indicated below:

Personnel Records - Records which deal with personnel issues, whether in personnel files or in other files maintained by the ACLU shall be closed during the lifetime of the person to whom they apply. When scattered personnel records are present in open files, they shall be governed by this paragraph. This restriction shall not apply if the person or persons to whom the record applies have given their permission in writing to disclose said information.

Administrative Records - Records maintained by ACLU administrators (Board and Executive committee members, officers, executives, department heads, project directors, etc.) shall be closed for twenty years after the creation of the record or ten years after its deposit in the Princeton University Library, whichever is latter, but in no case for more than 30 years after the creation of the record. Personnel records will continue to be closed as provided above.

Development Records - Records relating to financial support from foundations or other legal entities but not individuals or their family foundations shall be closed for the same period as administrative records. Records relating to financial support by individual donors or their family foundations shall be returned to the ACLU if other more substantive issues relating to policy are not raised by the correspondence. When other issues are relevant, these records shall be closed for the same period as administrative records. Where opened the portions relating to individuals or their family foundations shall be treated like personnel records as provided below.

Legal Case Records - Legal Case Files shall be segregated into four categories:

1) Open Records - publicly-available materials relating to the case (public court records such as briefs, transcripts, exhibits, and judgments as well as other records such as press releases and media coverage) shall be open immediately upon transfer to Princeton.

2) Work Product Privileged Records - correspondence, memoranda, drafts of briefs prepared in anticipation of litigation, written statements of witnesses, and notes of mental impressions or personal recollections prepared or formed by an attorney shall be open twenty years after the closure of the case.

3) Attorney-Client Privileged Records - any document reflecting an exchange with a client or a potential client (including but not limited to written correspondence, memoranda to the file, notes, or any other report of communication to or from a client or potential client) made for the purpose of furnishing or obtaining professional legal advice and assistance shall be closed for seventy-five years for all clients, except for children where the period of closure shall be one hundred years.

4) The access rules set forth above do not apply to the following materials: classified documents; documents that have been placed under seal by a court or are subject to a protective order; documents that identify by name or otherwise clients that have been represented anonymously or pseudonymously; the terms of any confidential settlement or agreement. All such documents shall remain permanently closed unless the records are declassified, unsealed, the protective order is modified, or the client or the client's legal representative waives the privilege in writing.

Restrictions on Use and Copyright Information

Single photocopies may be made for research purposes. Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Curator of the Public Policy Papers. Researchers are responsible for determining any copyright questions.

Other Finding Aid(s)

The American Civil Liberties Union Records: Project Files Series forms part of the American Civil Liberties Union Records (Call Number MC001). Due to the large volume of the ACLU records multiple online finding aids have been created.

A single finding aid exists for the American Civil Liberties Union Records dating from 1917-1947 and is available online: American Civil Liberties Union Records, The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917-1947.

American Civil Liberties Union Records dating from 1947 have been divided in to six series; each series is described in a separate finding aid. These finding aids are listed below:

Series 1: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Organizational Matters Series, 1947-1995.

Series 2: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Project Files Series, 1964-1979.

Series 3: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subject Files Series, 1921-1990.

Series 4: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Legal Case Files Series, 1933-1990.

Series 5: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Printed Materials Series, 1917-1995.

Series 6: American Civil Liberties Union Records: Audiovisual Materials Series, circa 1920-1995.

Acquisition and Appraisal

Appraisal

During the processing of this collection, many items were discarded, including newspaper clippings from the New York Times and other major newspapers, government publications, well- known serial publications, and publications and large distribution memoranda from well-known and well-documented organizations such as the American Jewish Committee or Americans United for the Separation of Church and State.

Related Materials

Location of Copies or Alternate Formats

Public records of the ACLU from 1917 to 1989, have been microfilmed by the Microfilming Corporation of America (MCA) and University Microfilms International (UMI). These records include minutes of the board of directors, mailings to the board of directors, biennial conference papers, policy guides, the national legal docket, organization manuals, constitution and bylaws, legal briefs, and publications. The American Civil Liberties Union Records and Publications 1917-1975: A Guide to the Microfilm Edition and succeeding guides to these materials are available in the reference room, and the microfilm itself is located in the microforms reading room.

The bound volumes of ACLU records covering 1917 through 1946 (volumes 1-2762) have been microfilmed and researchers must use the microfilm in order to prevent further deterioration of the these fragile volumes. Researchers should consult the finding aid to the earlier ACLU records (1917-1946) for their description and arrangement.

Related Archival Material

American Civil Liberties Union, Washington, D.C. Office Records
American United for the Separation of Church and State Records
Roger N. Baldwin Papers
Osmond K. Fraenkel Diaries
Fund for the Republic Records
Arthur Garfield Hays Papers
Peggy Lamson Collection on Roger N. Baldwin
Law Students Civil Rights Research Council Records
PEN American Center Records (at Firestone Library)

Processing and Other Information

Works Cited

Historical sketch based on In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU by Samuel Walker. See also Samuel Walker's The American Civil Liberties Union: An Annotated Bibliography.

Processing Information

This collection was processed by Paula Jabloner in 1994-1996 with the assistance of Assistant Archivist for Technical Services Daniel Linke, Special Collections Assistants Amy Escott, Claire Johnston, Alison McCuaig, and Tom Rosko, and students Laurie Alexander, Christina Aragon, Laura Burt, Jue Chen, Clement Doyle, Joe Faber, Said Farah, Boyd Goodson, Naomi Harlin, Janet Hine, Matthew Honahan, Katherine Johnson, Damian Long, Theresa Marchitto, Laura Myones, Olivia Kew, Grace Koo, Dan Sack, Bijan Salehizadeh, Tina Wang, Kyle Weston, and Elizabeth Williamson.

Descriptive Rules Used

Finding aid content adheres to that prescribed by Describing Archives: A Content Standard.

Encoding

Machine-readable finding aid encoded in EAD 2002 by Techbooks and Cristela García-Spitz on November 16, 2006.

Finding aid written in English.

Preferred Citation

Identification of specific item; Date (if known); American Civil Liberties Union Records, Box and Folder Number; Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.

Subject Headings

These materials have been indexed in the Princeton University Library online catalog using the following terms. Those seeking related materials should search under these terms.

Browse other finding aids related to the following terms:

Contents List

Series 2: Project Files

Subseries 2A: Amnesty Project, 1964-1980 [bulk 1971-1977]

Subseries Description

The Project on Amnesty operated from 1972-1975, and these files (10.50 linear feet) document amnesty and clemency issues for draft evaders, military deserters, and veterans holding other-than- honorable discharges. The Project on Amnesty was headed by Henry Schwarzschild. In the fall of 1974, the American Civil Liberties Union merged the Military Rights Project headed by David F. Addlestone into the Amnesty Project. The Clemency Litigation Project under litigation director Edwin J. Oppenheimer, also came under the umbrella of the Amnesty Project; it focused on litigation for war resisters. The staff of the Project on Amnesty and the Military Rights Project (MRP) both worked for the Clemency program on the “exclusion” of individuals who had relinquished their American citizenship.

When it became clear that the Project on Amnesty would not continue beyond the end of 1975, David Addlestone and Susan Newman, a staff attorney, sought new funding for the MRP. They were awarded a grant from The Carnegie Corporation of New York, to establish the National Military Discharge Upgrading Project in affiliation with Georgetown University Law School. The new project began operating on July 1, 1975.

The files are grouped under four headings: administrative, subject files, clemency litigation division, and project director's records, each arranged alphabetically within each heading. The materials grouped under the administrative files heading record the history of the Project itself and the ACLU's policy on amnesty. The records contain correspondence, background material, statistics on the draft and the Vietnam War, and documents on President Ford's establishment of a Presidential Clemency Board. There is substantive material covering “Separation Program Numbers (SPNs),” a code the Army used to denote reasons why an individual was discharged. The ACLU ran a series of advertisements offering to inform veterans what the SPNs on their discharge papers meant.

The project subject files which contain the bulk of the material, include Henry Schwarzschild's correspondence with the staff of other amnesty organizations and the Selective Service System, attorneys in the Departments of Defense and Justice, and members of United States Congress. There are a few historical papers which cover amnesty in American history prior to the Vietnam War era, public statements on amnesty, and congressional testimony. The files on other amnesty organizations cover many groups.

The files of the Clemency Litigation Division include correspondence, project reports, and legal dockets. The Division handled a variety of military, draft, immigration, and Reconciliation Service cases.

The Project Director's files are subdivided into two sections: project files and project subject files. The materials span from 1964 to 1979 and includes material which pre-dates and post- dates the existence of the project. The project files contain correspondence with officials of other amnesty organizations such as the Center for Social Action, National Council of Churches, and the Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Included is correspondence with the Selective Service System regarding statistical summaries of the draft population. Correspondence with the Presidential Clemency Board and its chairman Charles E. Goodell and General Counsel Lawrence Baskir includes summaries of pending clemency cases; also found are numerous internal memoranda critical of the Presidential Clemency Program.

Also included is material pertaining to a minority report issued by a few members of the Clemency Board, led by Gen. Lewis Walt. There are also letters to and from Congressmen, including information pertaining to a list compiled by Senator Edward Kennedy of men under indictment for draft evasion.

There are several restricted files which contain correspondence with and information about clemency program applicants and discharge upgrading applicants seeking the assistance of the ACLU. Also restricted are a “contributions” file which contains membership and donor information and a file containing billing information.

The project subject files contain broad files on “conscientious objection” and “conscription” filled with press releases, minutes, memoranda, miscellaneous legal documents, newsletters, and clippings consisting chiefly of background information from the late 1960s. Other major subject files include a file on Amnesty legislation containing draft and final bills from the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, along with correspondence regarding those bills; a file on the implementation of President Ford's Clemency Program consisting of rules and regulations and presidential statements and proclamations; and a file of general background information consisting of various drafts of policies, reports, articles, and statements.

There are also additional materials in Series 5, Printed Materials, which contains both ACLU and non-ACLU press releases, manuals, reports, pamphlets, and statements, as well as Congressional hearing transcripts and reports, newsletters and pamphlets of other Amnesty organizations, law journal articles, and the Presidential Clemency Board Report to the President (1975). They can be located under “Military Rights.”

Series Arrangement

Series 2 is arranged alphabetically by project and case name, respectively.

Restrictions

Amnesty Project boxes 644-647 are restricted.

Affiliates - Correspondence, 1973-1975
Box 623, Folder 1
Amnesty, ACLU Policy on, 1970-1975
Box 623, Folder 2-3
Amnesty: Vietnam, 1965
Box 623, Folder 4
Amnesty - Items for Information packets, 1972-1974
Box 623, Folder 5
Amnesty - Letters to Former Government Leaders, 1975-1976
Box 623, Folder 6
Amnesty - Miscellaneous, 1974
Box 623, Folder 7
Amnesty Project Advisory Committee, 1972-1973
Box 623, Folder 8
Anti - Amnesty, 1972
Box 623, Folder 9
Buckley, William F. and Schwarzschild, Henry; “Firing Line”, 1973
Box 623, Folder 10
Chauncey, George - Letter to,, 1973
Box 623, Folder 11
Citizenship and Naturalization Problems, 1975
Box 623, Folder 12
Clemency Litigation Division - Schwarzschild, Henry; File, 1974-1975
Box 623, Folder 13
Correspondence - Schwarzschild, Henry, 1972-1975
Box 623, Folder 14
Correspondence - Schwarzschild, Henry, 1975-1980
Box 624, Folder 1
DJB Foundation - Correspondence, 1971-1975
Box 624, Folder 2
Exclusion Under “8 USC 1182(a)(22)”; Visa Denial, Draft Evaders - Aliens, 1974-1975
Box 624, Folder 3
The Field Foundation - Correspondence, 1971-1975
Box 624, Folder 4-5
Ford, President Gerald R.: Remarks on Amnesty, 1974
Box 624, Folder 6
Foundations and Organizations - General, 1973-1975
Box 624, Folder 7
Hate Mail, 1975
Box 624, Folder 8
Indiana CLU-ACLU Amnesty Legal Assistance, 1974-1975
Box 624, Folder 9
Legislative Drafting Committee, 1972
Box 624, Folder 10
Legislation - Amnesty, 1974-1975
Box 625, Folder 1
Memoranda, 1973-1974
Box 625, Folder 2
Military Discharges; Thompson v. Gallagher - Discharge Upgrade, 1973-1974
Box 625, Folder 3
Military Rights Project; Lawyers Military Defense Committee; Discharge Upgrade, 1974-1976
Box 625, Folder 4
Military Rights Project; Lawyers Military Defense Committee, 1973-1976
Box 625, Folder 5-6
National Conference on Amnesty - Washington, D.C., 1973
Box 625, Folder 7
Pamphlet, Amnesty - “Questions and Answers”, 1973
Box 625, Folder 8
Presidential Clemency Board (PCB), 1974
Box 625, Folder 9-10
Presidential Clemency Board: Project Amnesty Response, 1974-1975
Box 626, Folder 1
Presidential Clemency Board: ACLU Critique and Legal Response, 1974
Box 626, Folder 2
Presidential Clemency Board: War Resistor Information Center v. Schlesinger, 1974
Box 626, Folder 3
Presidential Clemency Board: Final Report, 1976
Box 626, Folder 4
Presidential Clemency Program: Department of Defense; Schlesinger, James, 1974-1975
Box 626, Folder 5
Presidential Clemency Program: Department of Justice; Attorney General Saxbe, 1974-1975
Box 626, Folder 6
Presidential Clemency Program: Exclusion and Immigration Issues, 1975
Box 626, Folder 7
Presidential Clemency Program: Selective Service System, 1974-1975
Box 626, Folder 8
Project Press Releases and Fact Sheets, 1971-1976
Box 627, Folder 1
Project Reports and Miscellaneous, 1972
Box 627, Folder 2
Project Reports and Memoranda on Amnesty, 1975
Box 627, Folder 3
Project Termination, 1975
Box 627, Folder 4
Repatriation Cases, 1972-1975
Box 627, Folder 5-6
Separation Program Numbers, (SPNs), 1974
Box 627, Folder 7
Statistics - Schwarzschild, Maimon, 1971-1974
Box 627, Folder 8
Amnesty Project: Subject Files
American Bar Association, 1974-1975
Box 628, Folder 1
American Exiled in Canada, AMEX - Canada, 1971-1975
Box 628, Folder 2
American Friends Service Committee, 1971-1976
Box 628, Folder 3
American Refugee Project (ARP), 1970-1972
Box 628, Folder 4
American Refugee Service - Montreal, 1974
Box 628, Folder 5
American Veterans Committee (AVC), 1974
Box 628, Folder 6
Americans for Amnesty (AFA), 1973-1975
Box 628, Folder 7
Amnesty Information and Action Center, 1971-1973
Box 628, Folder 8
Amnesty International, 1969-1973
Box 628, Folder 9
Amnesty - History, Papers and other materials, 1972-1973
Box 629, Folder 1
Amnesty and Post-Cease-Fire Healing, 1973
Box 629, Folder 2
Amnesty - Statistics, 1975
Box 629, Folder 3
Barger, Rev. Robert N., 1973-1975
Box 629, Folder 4-5
Bibliographies, 1972-1973
Box 629, Folder 6
Bryant, Rev. Baxton, 1971-1973
Box 629, Folder 7
Canada, 1972-1973
Box 629, Folder 8
Canada - British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, 1975
Box 629, Folder 9
Canadian Council of Churches, 1971-1972
Box 629, Folder 10
Canada - Immigration Act, 1973
Box 630, Folder 1
Canadian Immigration, 1972-1973
Box 630, Folder 2
Catholic Church, 1972-1974
Box 630, Folder 3
Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, 1972-1975
Box 630, Folder 4
Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors - Board Materials, 1973-1975
Box 630, Folder 5
Center for National Security Studies, 1974
Box 630, Folder 6
Chicago Area Military Project, 1972
Box 630, Folder 7
Christian Action Commission, 1975
Box 630, Folder 8
Churches, 1971-1973
Box 630, Folder 9
Citizens for Amnesty, 1974
Box 630, Folder 10
Clark, Ramsey, 1974
Box 630, Folder 11
Clemency / Amnesty Law Coordinating Office, (CALCO), 1974-1975
Box 630, Folder 12
Clemency Information Center, 1974-1975
Box 631, Folder 1
Clergy and Laity Concerned, 1973-1975
Box 631, Folder 2
Coalition of American War Resisters in Canada, 1973-1974
Box 631, Folder 3
Committee on Military Justice - Harvard, 1975
Box 631, Folder 4
Congress, 1972-1974
Box 631, Folder 5-6
Congressional Contacts, 1972-1973
Box 631, Folder 7
Conscientious Objectors - Department of Defense, 1972-1973
Box 631, Folder 8
Conservative Groups, 1971-1972
Box 631, Folder 9
Democratic Party, c. 1972-1975
Box 631, Folder 10
Discharges, Military - (Other Than Honorable), 1974
Box 632, Folder 1
Draft and Draft Persecutions, 1971-1974
Box 632, Folder 2
Draft Legislation - General, 1975
Box 632, Folder 3
Draft Legislation - Abzug, Rep. Bella, 1972-1975
Box 632, Folder 4
Draft Legislation - Hart, Sen. Phillip A., 1975
Box 632, Folder 5
Draft Legislation - Koch, Rep. Edward I., 1970-1974
Box 632, Folder 6
Draft Legislation - Taft, Jr., Sen. Robert A., 1971
Box 632, Folder 7
Dunbar, Leslie, 1973
Box 632, Folder 8
Episcopal Peace Fellowship, 1975
Box 632, Folder 9
Englewood Referendum, 1973
Box 632, Folder 10
Exclusion case: U.S. v. Zimmerman, 1975
Box 632, Folder 11
Exile Groups, 1972-1975
Box 632, Folder 12
Exile Sociology, 1970-1972
Box 632, Folder 13
Fact Sheets - Statistics, (Including Department of Department Statistics), 1971-1972
Box 632, Folder 14
Families of Resisters for Amnesty (FORA), 1973-1974
Box 632, Folder 15
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 1971-1972
Box 632, Folder 16
Films, 1972-1974
Box 633, Folder 1
Ford Foundation Information Paper, 1974
Box 633, Folder 2
France, 1974
Box 633, Folder 3
Freeman, Harrop A., 1971,1974
Box 633, Folder 4
Froelke, Robert - Former Secretary of the Army, 1974
Box 633, Folder 5
Gallup Poll, 1975
Box 633, Folder 6
Gendzier, Irene, 1969-1973
Box 633, Folder 7
Gold Star Parents for Amnesty, 1973-1975
Box 633, Folder 8
Hart, Sen. Gary, 1975
Box 633, Folder 9
Harvard Legislative Services - Model Amnesty Statute (Draft), 1975
Box 633, Folder 10
Herndon, John David, 1975
Box 633, Folder 11
Horvitz, Jerome S., 1972
Box 633, Folder 12
House of Representatives: Committee on the Judiciary, Civil Liberties, etc., 1974
Box 633, Folder 13
House of Representatives: Committee on Judiciary, Hearings (Correspondence), 1974
Box 633, Folder 14
House of Representatives: Committee on Judiciary, Subcommittee Hearings, 1975
Box 634, Folder 1
Indictment List, 1975
Box 634, Folder 2
Inter-Religious Task Force on Amnesty, 1973-1975
Box 634, Folder 3
Jewish Peace Fellowship, 1972-1975
Box 634, Folder 4
Jewish Views - General, 1972-1974
Box 634, Folder 5
Jordan, Vernon E., 1975
Box 634, Folder 6
Kansas City Conference - “An Ecumenical Witness”, 1972
Box 634, Folder 7
Kasinsky, Irene Goldsmith, 1975
Box 634, Folder 8
Kastenmeier, Rep. Robert, 1975
Box 634, Folder 9
Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 1975
Box 634, Folder 10
Leadership Consultation, 1972
Box 634, Folder 11
League of Women Voters, 1974
Box 634, Folder 12
Legal In-Service Project, (LISP), 1974
Box 634, Folder 13
Legal Research, various
Box 634, Folder 14
Legal Research - Congress, 1971-72
Box 634, Folder 15
Liberal Groups, 1971-1972
Box 634, Folder 16
Lusky, Louis, 1972-1975
Box 634, Folder 17
McGovern, George, 1971-1975
Box 635, Folder 1
McGowan, Rev. Ed, 1974-1975
Box 635, Folder 2
Methodist Church, 1971-1972
Box 635, Folder 3
Military Law, 1973-1974
Box 635, Folder 4
Miscellaneous Groups - General, 1973-1975
Box 635, Folder 5
Montreal, 1971-1972
Box 635, Folder 6
Musil, Secretary Robert K. (Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors), 1971-1972
Box 635, Folder 7
National Campus Alliance for Amnesty, 1974-1975
Box 635, Folder 8
National Committee for Amnesty Now - Porter, C., 1974-1975
Box 635, Folder 9
National Conference on Amnesty, 1972-1973
Box 635, Folder 10-11
National Council of Churches of Christ (NCC), 1972-1975
Box 635, Folder 12
National Council of Churches of Christ Conference, 1972
Box 635, Folder 13
National Council to Repeal the Draft, 1972
Box 635, Folder 14
National Council for Universal and Unconditional Amnesty, 1973-1975
Box 636, Folder 1-2
National Inter-Religious Service Board for Conscientious Objectors, 1974-1975
Box 636, Folder 3
National Student Association, 1973-1975
Box 636, Folder 4
National Urban League, Inc., 1975
Box 636, Folder 5
New York Bar Association, 1974
Box 636, Folder 6
New York City, Hearings on Veterans, 1974-1975
Box 636, Folder 7
Nixon, President Richard M., 1974
Box 636, Folder 8
Notre Dame University - Amnesty Study, 1974-1975
Box 636, Folder 9
Obelgoner, Vernon H. v. U.S., 1974-1975
Box 636, Folder 10
October 1971 Statement on Amnesty, 1971-1972
Box 637, Folder 1
October 1973 Statement on Amnesty, 1973
Box 637, Folder 2
October 1973 Statement on Amnesty - Responses, 1973
Box 637, Folder 3
Pardons, various
Box 637, Folder 4
Paris Conference, 1973
Box 637, Folder 5
Parkin, Scott - Articles on Amnesty, 1968-1972
Box 637, Folder 6
Passports, 1972-1973
Box 637, Folder 7
People for Amnesty, 1974-1975
Box 637, Folder 8
Petitions, 1974
Box 637, Folder 9
Polner, Murray, 1972
Box 637, Folder 10
Porter, Patricia A.- Amnesty report, 1980
Box 637, Folder 11
Practicing Law Institute, 1972
Box 637, Folder 12
Pravda, Richard, c.1973
Box 637, Folder 13
Presidential Aspirants, 1971-1976
Box 637, Folder 14
Press - Correspondence, 1971-1975
Box 637, Folder 15
Project for an Open Society, 1974
Box 638, Folder 1
Public Law Education Institute, 1973-1974
Box 638, Folder 2
Race and Amnesty, 1973-1974
Box 638, Folder 3
Radical groups, 1972
Box 638, Folder 4
Redress, 1972-1973
Box 638, Folder 5
Regional Conferences, 1973
Box 638, Folder 6
Religious Groups - Statements, 1971-1974
Box 638, Folder 7
Research Memoranda, 1973
Box 638, Folder 8
Reston, Jr., James, 1972-1973
Box 638, Folder 9
Rocky Mountain Discharge Upgrade Project, 1974
Box 638, Folder 10
Rosenberg, Arnold - Amnesty Statute (Draft), 1975-1976
Box 638, Folder 11
Safe Return, 1973-1975
Box 638, Folder 12
St. Martin, Maj. Clement E., 1973
Box 638, Folder 13
San Francisco Campaign for Amnesty, undated
Box 638, Folder 14
Schecter, Kenneth; National Collegiate Athletics Association, 1974
Box 638, Folder 15
Selective Service System Registration Manual, 1975
Box 638, Folder 16
Selective Service System, 1972-1978
Box 639, Folder 1
Seminarians, undated
Box 639, Folder 2
Senate Subcommittee on Administrative Practices and Procedures, 1972,1974
Box 639, Folder 3-4
Sherman, Edward F., 1972
Box 639, Folder 5
Shikes, Ralph - Newspaper Supplement, 1974
Box 639, Folder 6
Southern Conference Educational Fund, 1972
Box 639, Folder 7
Statements - Political Figures, 1972
Box 639, Folder 8
Statements - Miscellaneous, 1971-1974
Box 639, Folder 9
Suffern Conference, 1973
Box 639, Folder 10
Surveys, 1974
Box 639, Folder 11
Sweden, 1972-1973
Box 639, Folder 12
Synagogue Council of America, 1974-1975
Box 639, Folder 13
Toronto, 1973
Box 639, Folder 14
TV/Radio: Transcripts, Correspondence, Responses to editorials, etc., 1971-1974
Box 640, Folder 1
Union of American Exiles in Britain, 1973
Box 640, Folder 2
United Church of Christ, 1974-1975
Box 640, Folder 3
United States Government, 1971-1975
Box 640, Folder 4
U.S. v. Zimmerman, David R., 1974-1975
Box 640, Folder 5
Vancouver, 1973
Box 640, Folder 6
Veterans, 1973-1975
Box 640, Folder 7
Veterans - Assistance and Benefits; Eligibility for Conscientious Objectors, 1972-1975
Box 640, Folder 8
Veterans - Counseling, 1975
Box 640, Folder 9
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 1974
Box 640, Folder 10
Veterans Peace Groups, 1971
Box 640, Folder 11
Vietnam Era - Women, 1974
Box 640, Folder 12
Vietnam Veterans Against the War; Winter Soldiers Organization, 1973-1974
Box 640, Folder 13
Vietnam War, 1974-1975
Box 640, Folder 14
Voting Rights, 1972
Box 640, Folder 15
War Objectors in Prison, 1972
Box 641, Folder 1
War Resistors International, 1974
Box 641, Folder 2
War Resistors League, 1972-1975
Box 641, Folder 3
War Resistor Information Program, undated
Box 641, Folder 4
Warren, Earl, 1973
Box 641, Folder 5
Washington Legislative Office, 1974
Box 641, Folder 6
West Germany, 1973
Box 641, Folder 7
West Side Community Conference, 1972
Box 641, Folder 8
Williams, Roger, 1971-1974
Box 641, Folder 9
Winnepeg, Canada, 1972-1973
Box 641, Folder 10
World War II, various
Box 641, Folder 11
World Without War Council, 1973-1974
Box 641, Folder 12
WNET - Amnesty, 1975
Box 641, Folder 13
Women Strike for Peace, 1973
Box 641, Folder 14
World Justice and Peace Office, 1971
Box 641, Folder 15
Yolton, L. William, 1972-1973
Box 641, Folder 16
Clemency Litigation
ACLU v. Saxbe - Miscellaneous Papers, 1974
Box 642, Folder 1
Amnesty - Memoranda and Information, 1974-1975
Box 642, Folder 2
Bar Association, New York City - Task Force, 1974-1975
Box 642, Folder 3
Clemency - Miscellaneous Materials on Clemency and Amnesty, 1973-1975
Box 642, Folder 4
Correspondence - General, 1974-1975
Box 642, Folder 5
Correspondence - Oppenheimer, Edwin, 1974-1975
Box 642, Folder 6
Due Process Committee - Information on Amnesty, 1968-1975
Box 642, Folder 7-8
National Council for Universal and Unconditional Amnesty, 1975
Box 642, Folder 9
Possible Law Suits, 1974
Box 643, Folder 1
Presidential Clemency Board Suit, 1975
Box 643, Folder 2
Press Releases - Miscellaneous, 1974-1975
Box 643, Folder 3
Press - TV Spots, 1974
Box 643, Folder 4
Project Reports - Miscellaneous, 1972-1975
Box 643, Folder 5
Project for Selective Service Action, 1973,1975
Box 643, Folder 6
Psychological - Undesirable Discharges, 1975
Box 643, Folder 7
Reconciliation Service Letter, 1975
Box 643, Folder 8
Selective Service Cases - Correspondence, 1975
Box 643, Folder 9
Veterans Preference Legislation, 1975
Box 643, Folder 10
War Resistor Information Program, 1975
Box 643, Folder 11
Amnesty, 1976-1977
[Restricted]
Box 644, Folder 1-2
Amnesty Regulation 8/75, 1975
[Restricted]
Box 644, Folder 3
Amnesty Education Packet - NISBCO (National Interreligious Service Board)
[Restricted]
Box 644, Folder 4
Clemency Program - Applicants, 1974-1975
[Restricted]
Box 644, Folder 5
Contributions, 1973-1975
[Restricted]
Box 644, Folder 6
Correspondence, 1972-1978
[Restricted]
Box 644, Folder 7-10
Correspondence, 1975-1977
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 1-4
Discharge Upgrading, 1974-1975
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 5
Discharge Upgrading - Applicants, 1975
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 6
Exile Families, 1971-1972
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 7
Miscellaneous, 1974-1975
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 8
Miscellaneous Correspondence, 1971-1975
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 9-12
Smith, Kogan, Honig and Smith, 1975
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 13
Tigar Litigation Project
[Restricted]
Box 645, Folder 14
Amnesty Briefs - ACLU and Other, 1974-1975
[Restricted]
Box 646, Folder 1
Amnesty Legislation, 1972-1975
[Restricted]
Box 646, Folder 2-3
Background Information, 1974-1977
[Restricted]
Box 646, Folder 4-5
Background Information - Implementation of Presidential Clemency Program, 1964-1977
[Restricted]
Box 646, Folder 6
Committee for Public Justice, 1974
[Restricted]
Box 646, Folder 7
Committee for the Study of Incarceration, 1972
[Restricted]
Box 647, Folder 1
Conscientious Objection, 1965-1973
[Restricted]
Box 647, Folder 2-3
Conscription, 1967-1973
[Restricted]
Box 647, Folder 4-6
Clemency Litigation: Oppenheimer, Edwin J., 1975-1976
[Restricted]
Box 647, Folder 7

Subseries 2B: Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee, 1964-1976 [bulk 1964-1968]

Subseries Description

Founded in the summer of 1964 to assist the civil rights movement, the Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee (LCDC) solicited lawyers to provide volunteer legal representation for worthy or significant cases. Typically, a volunteer lawyer would travel to a small town in the South and spend one month working on cases in coordination with one of the LCDC's regional offices. While these regional offices handled case work locally, the headquarters in New York handled lawyer solicitation, fundraising, publicity, and other general activities. In December 1967, the LCDC was merged into the Roger Baldwin Foundation (the tax-exempt arm of the ACLU) becoming the LCDC project of the Foundation. As the civil rights movement grew in popularity, the LCDC's practical and ideological goals were met by other organizations, most notably the United States Justice Department.

The Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee subseries (14.70 linear feet) documents the administrative activities of the LCDC and legal case work done in the southern United States. It is divided into administrative, correspondence, publicity and legal files. The administrative files contain minutes, field office files, miscellaneous material, financial matters, and national ACLU material. The correspondence consists mostly of Henry Schwarzschild's contacts with various individuals and organizations concerning LCDC administration. The publicity files contain statements, press releases, dockets, and newspaper clippings. The legal files contain documents relating to on the Sobol v. Perez case, in which the LCDC's New Orleans field office director Richard Sobol was charged with practicing law without a Louisiana license (a measure that threatened to block any out-of-state lawyer from trying cases in Louisiana).

Administrative Files
Board Committee on Northern Civil Rights and Poverty Law Problems, 1966
Box 648, Folder 1
Board Correspondence, 1964-1968
Box 648, Folder 2
Budget and Financial Matters, 1964-1965
Box 648, Folder 3
Budget Matters, 1964-1968
Box 648, Folder 4
By-laws, 1967
Box 648, Folder 5
Certificate of Incorporation, 1964
Box 648, Folder 6
Chaney, Ben: Defense Fund, 1970-1973
Box 648, Folder 7-8
Charitable Trust Document, 1968
Box 648, Folder 9
Conference, 1966
Box 648, Folder 10
Conference Proposed, 1966
Box 648, Folder 11
Corporate Papers, 1964-1966
Box 648, Folder 12
East Texas Request, 1965
Box 648, Folder 13
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1964-1971
Box 648, Folder 14
Field Office Files: Memphis, TN, 1964
Box 648, Folder 15
Field Office Files: Jackson, MS, 1964
Box 648, Folder 16
Field Office Files: New Orleans, LA, 1964
Box 649, Folder 1
Field Office Files: St. Augustine, FL, 1964
Box 649, Folder 2
Field Office Files: Tallahassee, FL, 1964
Box 649, Folder 3
Financial Materials, 1964-1966
Box 649, Folder 4
Financial Reports, 1965-1967
Box 649, Folder 5
Fundraising Projects, 1965-1967
Box 649, Folder 6
Fundraising: Ben Shahn Art Project, 1965-1968
Box 650, Folder 1
Future Plans, 1970
Box 650, Folder 2
LCDC-ACLU Business, 1964-1966
Box 650, Folder 3
LCDC-ACLU General Material, 1967
Box 650, Folder 4
LCDC-Future Financial Situation, 1967
Box 650, Folder 5
Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, (L.C.C.R.U.L.), 1965
Box 650, Folder 6
Metzenbaum, Howard: Chairman of the Board, 1966-1967
Box 650, Folder 7
Microfilm, correspondence pertaining to, 1978
Box 650, Folder 8
Minutes, Officer's Materials, 1964
Box 650, Folder 9
Minutes, Board, 1965
Box 650, Folder 10-14
Minutes, Board, 1968
Box 651, Folder 1
Mississippi; Black Lawyers, use of by the LCDC, 1970
Box 651, Folder 2
National ACLU Materials: Affiliate Correspondence, 1965-1966
Box 651, Folder 3
National ACLU Materials: American Bar Association, 1964-1967
Box 651, Folder 4
National ACLU Material: Atlanta Conference, Civil Liberties Litigation, 1968
Box 651, Folder 5
National ACLU Materials: California Rural Legal Assistance, 1967
Box 651, Folder 6
National ACLU Material: Correspondence, 1964-1968
Box 651, Folder 7
National ACLU Materials: Memoranda, 1965
Box 651, Folder 8-10
National ACLU Materials: Military Free Speech Committee, 1968
Box 651, Folder 11
National ACLU Material: Operation Southern Justice, 1968
Box 651, Folder 12
National ACLU Material: Workshop Conference for ACLU Attorneys, 1968
Box 651, Folder 13
Personnel: Mark DeWolfe Howe, 1964-1968
Box 651, Folder 14
Prospectus, 1964-1965
Box 651, Folder 15
Southern Education Foundation, Proposal to, 1970
Box 651, Folder 16
Tax Matters, 1964-1966
Box 651, Folder 17
Volunteer Lawyers, 1964-1965
Box 651, Folder 18-19
Correspondence Files
“A”, 1966
Box 651, Folder 20
Administration of Justice, 1966-1967
Box 651, Folder 21
AFL-CIO, 1965-1966
Box 652, Folder 1
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Elections, AL, 1966
Box 652, Folder 2
American Jewish Congress, 1964-1965
Box 652, Folder 3
American Trial Lawyers Association, 1964-1966
Box 652, Folder 4
American Veterans Committee, 1964-1965
Box 652, Folder 5
Amsterdam, Anthony, 1964-1968
Box 652, Folder 6
Architect's Renewal Committee in Harlem, 1965
Box 652, Folder 7
“B”, 1964-1967
Box 652, Folder 8
Bail, 1965
Box 652, Folder 9
Beaumont Foundation, 1966
Box 652, Folder 10
Black Power, 1966-1968
Box 652, Folder 11
Bogalusa, LA, 1965
Box 652, Folder 12
Braiterman, Marvin, 1965-1966
Box 652, Folder 13
Brown, Julian Case, 1966
Box 652, Folder 14
Budget, 1966-1967
Box 652, Folder 15
“C”, 1965-1968
Box 653, Folder 1
Campaign Finance Reform, 1966
Box 653, Folder 2
Capital Punishment, 1965-1968
Box 653, Folder 3
Carmichael-Rustin Debate, Hunter College, 1966
Box 653, Folder 4
Citizens Crusade Against Poverty, 1966
Box 653, Folder 5
Civil Liberties Docket, 1966
Box 653, Folder 6
Civil Disobedience, 1965
Box 653, Folder 7
Civil Rights Legislation, 1965-1966
Box 653, Folder 8
Civil Rights Organizations, 1965
Box 653, Folder 9
Covington, Hayden, 1967
Box 653, Folder 10
Cox, Judge Harold, 1965
Box 653, Folder 11
Congress of Racial Equality, 1964
Box 654, Folder 1-2
CORE Baltimore Project, 1965-1966
Box 654, Folder 3
CORE Mt. Vernon, 1965-1966
Box 654, Folder 4
Columbia Legal Survey Program, 1966
Box 654, Folder 5
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), 1964-1965
Box 654, Folder 6
Crank Letters, undated
Box 654, Folder 7
CREDO (Seattle, WA), 1964-1965
Box 654, Folder 8
Crime and Urban Law Enforcement, 1968
Box 654, Folder 9
“Criminal Prosecutions…” (Sales of pamphlet by A.G. Amsterdam), 1968
Box 654, Folder 10
Crime and Urban Law Enforcement (General materials), 1968
Box 654, Folder 11
“D”, 1964-1967
Box 654, Folder 12
Delta Ministry, 1966-1967
Box 654, Folder 13
Draft Legislation, 1965-1966
Box 654, Folder 14
“E”, 1964-1967
Box 655, Folder 1
Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity, 1965-1966
Box 655, Folder 2
“F”, 1965-1970
Box 655, Folder 3
Field Foundation, Leslie Dunbar Executive Director, 1964-1967
Box 655, Folder 4
Ford Foundation, 1964-1968
Box 655, Folder 5
Ford President's Committee Sub-Grant, 1967-1968
Box 655, Folder 6
Foundations, 1965-1966
Box 655, Folder 7
Free Southern Theater, 1965
Box 655, Folder 8
Freedom Information Service, 1966
Box 655, Folder 9
Funding Sources, 1965-1967
Box 655, Folder 10
“G”, 1964-1965
Box 655, Folder 11
Greenberg, Jack: NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, 1964-1965
Box 655, Folder 12
Gutman, Jeremiah, 1964-1967,1978
Box 655, Folder 13
“H”, 1964-1968
Box 655, Folder 14
Horowitz, Michael: “Title III of Higher Education Act 1965”, 1966
Box 655, Folder 15
House Un-American Affairs Committee, 1965
Box 655, Folder 16
“I”, 1965-1967
Box 655, Folder 17
“J”, 1966-1967
Box 655, Folder 18
Jury Selection, 1965-1967
Box 655, Folder 19
Justice Department (U.S.), 1964-1967
Box 655, Folder 20
“K”, 1964-1968
Box 656, Folder 1
King, Dr. Martin Luther (Funeral Service), 1968
Box 656, Folder 2
Kunstler, William and Smith, Benjamin, 1965
Box 656, Folder 3
Ku Klux Klan, 1965,1967
Box 656, Folder 4
“L”, 1964-1968
Box 656, Folder 5
Lawyers Preliminary, 1964
Box 656, Folder 6
Law Students Civil Rights Research Council, 1965-1966
Box 656, Folder 7-9
Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under the Law, 1965-1968
Box 656, Folder 10
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, 1965-1966
Box 656, Folder 11
Louisiana Local Elections, 1967
Box 656, Folder 12
“M”, 1963-1971
Box 657, Folder 1
Marcuse, Peter, 1965-1967
Box 657, Folder 2
Medical Committee for Human Rights, 1964-1966
Box 657, Folder 3
Meredith, MI March, 1966
Box 657, Folder 4
Miami Police, Henry Schwarzschild Trip, 1968
Box 657, Folder 5
Mississippi Bar Association, 1965
Box 657, Folder 6
Mississippi Dockets, 1964-1966
Box 657, Folder 7
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964-1968
Box 657, Folder 8-9
Mississippi Legislation, 1965
Box 657, Folder 10
Mississippi Young Democrats, 1965
Box 657, Folder 11
Morrison, “A Guide for Justices of the Peace”, 1968
Box 657, Folder 12
Moynihan Report, 1965
Box 658, Folder 1
Murray, Pauli and Kenyon, Dorothy, 1967
Box 658, Folder 2
“N”, 1964-1968
Box 658, Folder 3
NAACP-Legal Defense Fund and Education Fund, Inc., 1965-1968
Box 658, Folder 4
NAACP, 1964-1966
Box 658, Folder 5
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1967-1968
Box 658, Folder 6
National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, 1965-1967
Box 658, Folder 7
National Committee-Free Elections in Mississippi, 1967
Box 658, Folder 8
National Committee for Free Elections-Sunflower County, MI, 1967
Box 658, Folder 9
National Council of Churches, 1965-1967
Box 658, Folder 10
National Lawyers Guild, 1964-1967
Box 658, Folder 11
“New Politics” Convention, 1967
Box 658, Folder 12
New York Times (Schwarzschild-Sitton), 1967
Box 658, Folder 13
New York Foundation, 1965-1967
Box 658, Folder 14
Non-Resident Lawyers Practice, 1965
Box 658, Folder 15
Northern Lawyers in the South, 1964,1966
Box 658, Folder 16
“O”, 1966-1967
Box 658, Folder 17
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 1965-1966
Box 658, Folder 18
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 1965-1966
Box 659, Folder 1
Organization of Rural Poor, 1967
Box 659, Folder 2
“P”, 1964-1967
Box 659, Folder 3
Poor People's Conference, 1966
Box 659, Folder 4
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, 1966
Box 659, Folder 5
“R”, 1964-1968
Box 659, Folder 6
Randolph, A. Phillip Institute, 1966-1967
Box 659, Folder 7
Reunion, LCDC, 1976
Box 659, Folder 8
Riot Commission, 1968
Box 659, Folder 9
Riot Studies, 1967
Box 659, Folder 10
Riots and Urban Crisis, 1968
Box 659, Folder 11
Rubin, Steven, 1965-1966
Box 659, Folder 12
Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, 1964-1966
Box 659, Folder 13
“S”, 1964-1968
Box 660, Folder 1
School Desegregation Civil Rights Act Title VI, 1965-1966
Box 660, Folder 2-3
Scholarship, Education, and Defense Fund for Racial Equality (SEDFRE), 1968
Box 660, Folder 4
Scope Program of SCLC
Box 660, Folder 5
Senate Bill 1308, 1968
Box 660, Folder 6
Sharecroppers Fund, 1966-1967
Box 660, Folder 7
Silberman, Charles, 1965
Box 660, Folder 8
Sobol v. Perez, 1967
Box 660, Folder 9
The Southern Conference Educational Fund, Inc. (SCEF), undated
Box 660, Folder 10
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 1965-1966
Box 660, Folder 11
Southern Regional Council, 1965-1967
Box 660, Folder 12
Springfield, MA: Civil Rights Drive, 1966
Box 661, Folder 1
Southern Student Organizing Committee, 1965-1966
Box 661, Folder 2
Spock, Dr. Benjamin, Indictment, 1967-1968
Box 661, Folder 3
Starrs, James E., 1966-1967
Box 661, Folder 4
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1964-1968
Box 661, Folder 5
Synagogue Council - Commission on Religion and Race, 1966
Box 661, Folder 6
“T”, 1964-1968
Box 661, Folder 7
Taconic Foundation, 1964-1967
Box 661, Folder 8
Tanksley, Doris Case, 1968
Box 661, Folder 9
Texas, 1965-1967
Box 661, Folder 10
Twentieth Century Fuel Company, 1965-1967
Box 661, Folder 11
United Council of Harlem Organizations, 1965
Box 661, Folder 12
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1964-1967
Box 661, Folder 13
U.S. Government Miscellaneous (Dept. of Labor, Civil Service, UN, State Dept.), 1965-1967
Box 661, Folder 14
“U-V”, 1965-1967
Box 661, Folder 15
Volunteer Lawyers, 1964
Box 661, Folder 16-17
Volunteer Lawyers Solicitation, 1965-1967
Box 662, Folder 1
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 1965
Box 662, Folder 2
“W”, 1965-1968
Box 662, Folder 3
White House Conference “To Fulfill Those Rights”, 1966
Box 662, Folder 4-5
Yale Conference, 1966
Box 662, Folder 6
“Y-Z”, 1968
Box 662, Folder 7
Miscellaneous Correspondence, 1971-1974
Box 662, Folder 8
Publicity Files
Statements
Box 662, Folder 9
Docket: MS and LA, 1965
Box 662, Folder 10
Docket: MS, 1966
Box 663, Folder 1
Docket: MS and LA, 1967
Box 663, Folder 2-3
Duncan v. Louisiana, 1968
Box 663, Folder 4
Equal Employment Opportunity, 1968
Box 663, Folder 5
Howe Letter to Board, undated
Box 663, Folder 6
Magazine Clippings, 1967
Box 663, Folder 7
Mailings to ACLU Directors
Box 663, Folder 8
Mailings: General, 1966
Box 663, Folder 9
Mailings: to LCDC Lawyers, 1965-1966
Box 663, Folder 10
News Clippings, 1964
Box 663, Folder 11-14
Press Releases, 1965-1966
Box 663, Folder 15-16
“Southern Justice”, 1965-1966
Box 663, Folder 17
Litigation Files
ACLU 50th Anniversary, 1969-1970
Box 664, Folder 1
Adams v. Fazzio, 1967
Box 664, Folder 2
Admission to Bar, Fondren Affair (Bronstein, Alvin), 1967
Box 664, Folder 3
Alabama Agricultural Cases, 1966
Box 664, Folder 4
Alabama Challenge to LCDC Practice, 1966-1967
Box 664, Folder 5
Alabama Housing Case, 1966
Box 664, Folder 6
Alabama Welfare Case, 1966
Box 664, Folder 7
Arkansas, 1965-1966
Box 664, Folder 8
Aronson v. Giarusso, 1966-1967
Box 664, Folder 9
Articles on Civil Rights Relations, 1964-1968
Box 664, Folder 10
Atlanta Office (Morgan, Charles), 1964-1966
Box 664, Folder 11
Austin v. Johnson: Bogalusa Shooting Case, 1965-1966
Box 664, Folder 12
Bailey, et al. v. Wharton, undated
Box 664, Folder 13
Barlow v. Minter, 1965
Box 665, Folder 1
Bennett v. Labat, 1966-1967
Box 665, Folder 2
Blackman v. Louisiana, 1966-1967
Box 665, Folder 3
Board Meetings, 1964-1966
Box 665, Folder 4-5
Bogalusa Pleadings, 1965
Box 665, Folder 6
Bokulich Case, 1966
Box 665, Folder 7
Bond, Julian Case, 1966
Box 665, Folder 8
Breach of Peace Suit, 1966
Box 665, Folder 9
Brochures, 1965
Box 665, Folder 10
Brown v. Jerome Post, 1967
Box 665, Folder 11
Cameron v. Johnson: Derfner, Armand Statement, 1968
Box 665, Folder 12
Canton, Mississippi ROTC, 1968
Box 665, Folder 13
Carmichael v. Allen: Civil Rights Legal Defense Foundation, 1967
Box 665, Folder 14
Carmichael, Stokely v. Selma, 1948
Box 665, Folder 15
Cases, 1968
Box 665, Folder 16
Cases, 1968-1969
Box 666, Folder 1
Chicago Housing Authority Case, 1967
Box 666, Folder 2
Chinn v. Johnson, 1966
Box 666, Folder 3
Citizen's Schools, 1968
Box 666, Folder 4
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1964
Box 666, Folder 5
Clark Challenge, 1967
Box 666, Folder 6
Closing Offices, 1967
Box 666, Folder 7
Connor v. Johnson, 1966
Box 666, Folder 8
Continental Can v. Johnson, 1968
Box 666, Folder 9
Coppock, et al v. Patterson, et al, 1965-1966
Box 666, Folder 10
Correspondence to Jackson, New Orleans, Selma, 1966-1968
Box 666, Folder 11
Correspondence and Reports, 1967
Box 666, Folder 12
Correspondence, 1968
Box 666, Folder 13
Correspondence, 1969
Box 667, Folder 1
Crown Zellerbach Case, 1965-1968
Box 667, Folder 2-4
Dennis v. Johnson, 1964
Box 667, Folder 5-6
Dennis v. Johnson, 1964-1966
Box 668, Folder 1-2
Dockets, 1966-1967
Box 668, Folder 3-4
Draft Suit: Nunnally v. U.S. Army, 1966
Box 668, Folder 5
Duncan v. Louisiana, 1967
Box 668, Folder 6
Dunham, Larry, 1968
Box 668, Folder 7
Employment Discrimination Text: Sobol, Martin, 1968
Box 668, Folder 8
Ellzey v. Brazeale, 1968
Box 668, Folder 9
Favicchio, P.--Louisiana, 1966
Box 668, Folder 10
Fondren, Thomas Earl, 1967
Box 668, Folder 11
Forman v. Emmett, 1966
Box 669, Folder 1
Free Speech Movement, 1964
Box 669, Folder 2
Futorian Case, 1967
Box 669, Folder 3
Gadsden v. Wechsler, 1968
Box 669, Folder 4
General Correspondence, 1965-1966
Box 669, Folder 5-6
General, 1967-1970
Box 669, Folder 7
Gambling College Case: Zanders v. Jones, 1967-1968
Box 669, Folder 8
Grillo v. Board of Realtors, NJ attorney: Howard Stern, 1966
Box 670, Folder 1
Guyot v. Pierce and Strothers v. Thompson, 1967
Box 670, Folder 2
Hamer v. Floyd (Federal Voting Rights Act), 1967
Box 670, Folder 3
Hatch Act, 1967
Box 670, Folder 4
Hicks v. Weaver, 1967
Box 670, Folder 5
HEW Project, 1966
Box 670, Folder 6
Howe, Mark DeWolfe, 1967
Box 670, Folder 7
Jackson, MS, 1965
Box 670, Folder 8-10
Jackson, MS, 1967
Box 671, Folder 1
Jackson, MS: Cases Pending, 1966
Box 671, Folder 2
Jackson, MS: Library, 1966
Box 671, Folder 3
Jackson, MS: Rural Telephones, 1965
Box 671, Folder 4
Jackson, MS: Pleadings, 1965
Box 671, Folder 5
Jackson, MS: Pleadings, 1965
Box 671, Folder 6
Jenkins v. Boflooa, LA, 1966
Box 671, Folder 7
Mock, Jessie v. Mintz and Mintz, 1966
Box 671, Folder 8
Johnson v. Mississippi, 1967
Box 671, Folder 9
Kaiser Aluminum Chemical Corporation, 1967
Box 671, Folder 10
LCDC Conference, 1964-1966
Box 671, Folder 11
Lawyers' Logs, 1964
Box 671, Folder 12
Lawyers' Logs, 1964
Box 672, Folder 1
Lawyers Solicitation - Summer Program, 1967
Box 672, Folder 2
Legal Briefs and Dockets, 1964-1965
Box 672, Folder 3
Legal Procedures and Materials, 1965
Box 672, Folder 4
Lewis v. Louisiana, 1967
Box 672, Folder 5
Los Angeles, 1965-1966
Box 672, Folder 6
Louisiana v. Martin, 1967-1968
Box 672, Folder 6a
Love v. Mississippi, 1968
Box 672, Folder 7
Loving v. Virginia, 1967
Box 672, Folder 8
Martin v. Erwin: Habeas Corpus Case, 1967
Box 672, Folder 9
Massachusetts, 1968
Box 672, Folder 10
Merger LCDC into Roger Baldwin Foundation, 1946-1969
Box 672, Folder 11
Miller, Goldstein, Cleverdon v. Mississippi, 1967
Box 673, Folder 1
Miscegenation Suit in Louisiana: Zippert v. Sylvester, undated
Box 673, Folder 2
Miscellaneous, 1965-1967
Box 673, Folder 3-4
Mississippi Bar Association President's Committee, 1966-1967
Box 673, Folder 5
Mississippi Bonds, 1968
Box 673, Folder 6
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party: B. Ladner, 1966-1967
Box 673, Folder 7
Mississippi v. L.C. Tobias: Amite City Rape Case, 1965-1966
Box 673, Folder 8
Mississippi Non-Resident Attorney's Rule: Judge Cox, 1967
Box 673, Folder 9
Mississippi State University Suit: Cohen v. MSU, 1966
Box 673, Folder 10
Mississippi Statewide School Desegregation Suit, 1965-1966
Box 673, Folder 11
Monerief v. Anderson, 1966
Box 673, Folder 12
Monroe, 1965
Box 673, Folder 13
Muilenberg v. United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, 1966-1968
Box 673, Folder 14
New Orleans, 1965
Box 674, Folder 1-3
New Orleans Pleadings, 1966-1967
Box 674, Folder 4
Norwalk Urban Renewal, 1967-1968
Box 674, Folder 5
Ouachita Parish School Suit (Louisiana), 1966
Box 674, Folder 6
Philip Morris Case, 1968
Box 674, Folder 7
Press Releases, 1966
Box 674, Folder 8
Price v. Bronstein, 1967-1968
Box 674, Folder 9
Raymond v. Mississippi, 1968
Box 674, Folder 10
Reavis v. Hall, 1967
Box 674, Folder 11
Removal Cases: Carmichael and Griffin, 1966
Box 675, Folder 1
Removal Cases: Cox, Rachel, Peacock, and Galamison, 1966
Box 675, Folder 2
Reynolds, Mildred, 1968
Box 675, Folder 3
Roger Baldwin Foundation Merger Memo, 1967
Box 675, Folder 4
Roger Baldwin Foundation (Potential Support), 1966
Box 675, Folder 5
Rowe v. Mississippi, 1967
Box 675, Folder 6
St. Augustine, FL Incident, 1964
Box 675, Folder 7
St. Francisville Case, Louisiana, 1966
Box 675, Folder 8
Sanders v. Cox, 1968
Box 675, Folder 9
Scott v. Davis, 1968
Box 675, Folder 10
42 U.S.C.A. 1983 (Civil Rights) Suits, 1966-1967
Box 675, Folder 11
Selma, 1965
Box 675, Folder 12-13
Selma, 1967
Box 676, Folder 1
Selma Staff Position, 1967
Box 676, Folder 2
Selma - Cases Pending, 1966
Box 676, Folder 3
Shirall v. Breazale, 1968
Box 676, Folder 4
Shreveport, LA, 1965
Box 676, Folder 5
Shawn Portfolio, 1961
Box 676, Folder 6
Skiffer v. Crowe, 1967
Box 676, Folder 7
Smith v. Concordia Parish, 1967-1968
Box 676, Folder 8
Sobol v. Perez: Association of American Law Schools Financing, 1967-1968
Box 676, Folder 9
Sobol v. Perez: Amicus Brief, 1967-1968
Box 676, Folder 10-11
Sobol v. Perez: Brief of U.S., 1967
Box 676, Folder 12
Sobol v. Perez Clippings, 1968
Box 677, Folder 1
Sobol v. Perez Complaint, 1967
Box 677, Folder 2
Sobol v. Perez Depositions Judge Eugene Leon, Richard Sobol, 1967
Box 677, Folder 3
Sobol v. Perez Depositions Judge Leander Perez, Jr., 1967
Box 677, Folder 4
Sobol v. Perez LCDC Bylaws, Certificate of Inc., tax returns, arrest, and report, 1967
Box 677, Folder 5
Sobol v. Perez Plaintiff's Pretrial Memorandum of Law, 1967
Box 677, Folder 6
Sobol v. Perez Miscellaneous, 1967-1968
Box 677, Folder 7-8
Sobol v. Perez NAACP Amicus, 1967
Box 677, Folder 9
Sobol v. Perez Plaintiff's Post-Trial Brief, 1967
Box 678, Folder 1
Sobol v. Perez Reply Brief, 1967
Box 678, Folder 2
Sobol v. Perez U.S. Brief, 1968
Box 678, Folder 3
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume I, 1968
Box 678, Folder 4
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume I, 1968
Box 678, Folder 5
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume II, 1968
Box 678, Folder 6
Sobol v. PerezTranscript Volume III, 1968
Box 679, Folder 1
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume IV, 1968
Box 679, Folder 2
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume V, 1968
Box 679, Folder 3
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume VI, 1968
Box 679, Folder 4
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume VII, 1968
Box 680, Folder 1
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume VIII, 1968
Box 680, Folder 2
Sobol v. Perez Transcript Volume IX, 1968
Box 680, Folder 3
Sobol, Barbara v. Giarruso, 1968
Box 680, Folder 4
South Carolina, 1965
Box 680, Folder 5
Southern Consumers Education Foundation (Louisiana Poverty Investigation), 1967
Box 680, Folder 6
Southern Regional Council, 1964
Box 680, Folder 7
State v. Lee ex rel. Gelfand, 1964
Box 680, Folder 8
State Operated Negro Colleges, 1968
Box 680, Folder 9
State v. Brown, 1966
Box 680, Folder 10
Stewart v. Birdsong, 1966
Box 680, Folder 11
Tallahassee Office, 1965
Box 680, Folder 12
Taylor v. Alabama, 1967
Box 681, Folder 1
Tallahassee Swimming Pool Case, 1967
Box 681, Folder 2
Tyson v. Cazes, 1965
Box 681, Folder 3
Tennessee, 1965-1966
Box 681, Folder 4
United Mine Workers, 1967
Box 681, Folder 5
U.S. v. Simuel B. Schultz, Jr., 1967
Box 681, Folder 6
Volunteer Lawyer Manual, 1965
Box 681, Folder 7
Volunteer Lawyer Solicitation Letter, 1965
Box 681, Folder 8
Voting, 1964
Box 681, Folder 9
Washington Parrish School Board, 1967
Box 681, Folder 10
Arrece Webb, 1968
Box 681, Folder 11
Wechsler v. County of Gadsden, 1965
Box 681, Folder 12
Whatley v. City of Vidalia, 1967
Box 681, Folder 13
Whitley et al. v. Democratic Party of Mississippi et al.: Primary Election Case, 1966
Box 682, Folder 1
Whitley v. Johnson, 1967
Box 682, Folder 2
William v. Freeman, 1966
Box 682, Folder 3
Williams v. Hector, 1967
Box 682, Folder 4
Willis v. Carson: Mississippi Jury Exclusion Suit, 1965
Box 682, Folder 5
Woodruff v. Mississippi, 1966-1967
Box 682, Folder 6
Wright v. Mississippi, 1968
Box 682, Folder 7
Wright v. Montgomery, 1966
Box 682, Folder 8
Wyatt v. Birmingham, 1966
Box 682, Folder 9
Wyche v. Louisiana, 1968
Box 682, Folder 10

Subseries 2C: Privacy Project, 1971-1978 [bulk 1974-1978]

Subseries Description

The Privacy Project subseries (8.82 linear feet) contains records of project director Trudy Hayden. The project had a litigative component and a non-litigative component. The non-litigative section of the project gathered information related to privacy issues, conducted studies, researched legislation, issued reports and publications, and advised the national staff and affiliates on privacy concerns, particularly those resulting from advances in surveillance and data-gathering technologies.

The Privacy Project was the successor to the Project on Privacy and Data Collection which was established in 1973 in Washington, D.C. and closed in October 1974. After the project ceased operations in Washington, D.C., Hayden continued editing the project's main publication, the Privacy Report, from New York. Additional funding allowed the Privacy Project to resume in 1976, this time in New York with Hayden as director. The records include correspondence, memoranda, reports, surveys, studies, briefs, newspaper and magazine clippings, state legislation, and testimony.

The subseries is broken down into organizational files and subject files. The organizational records include information pertaining to other projects concerned with privacy issues, including those established by affiliates, and material about the Privacy Report. The subject files include examinations of federal, state and local government laws and rules for the collection and dissemination of personal information. Much of the material comprising these records was forwarded from affiliates.

Topics found include the unauthorized use by individuals, organizations, or the government of the Armed Services Vocational Battery Test; arrest records; bank records; credit reports; criminal justice records; employers and employment files; juvenile delinquency records; medical records; hospital records; psychological testing; psychiatric confidentiality; Social Security information; and student records. The subseries also documents police practices in gathering information, including eavesdropping and electronic surveillance. (The Wiretapping and Surveillance subject files (Series 3) also contain material on this topic.) The issues of child abuse and neglect and the limits of coercive intervention on the part of government are also documented.

Restrictions

This subseries is restricted.

Organizational Files
Affiliate Projects, 1975-1977
Box 683, Folder 1
Correspondence - General, 1978
Box 683, Folder 2-3
General Counsel - Privacy, 1976
Box 683, Folder 4
Guidelines for Assessing Databank Legislation, 1975
Box 683, Folder 5
Gutman, Jeremiah - Letters to Senate, 1978
Box 683, Folder 6
Information Privacy Research Center, 1976
Box 683, Folder 7
Privacy Report - General, 1974-1977
Box 683, Folder 8
Project Proposals - National, 1975-1977
Box 683, Folder 9
Promotions, 1975-1978
Box 683, Folder 10
Right of Privacy Brochure - IBM, 1974
Box 683, Folder 11
Rule, James Project, 1976
Box 683, Folder 12
Subject Files
Adoption Records, 1976-1977
Box 683, Folder 13
Aliens, 1974-1977
Box 683, Folder 14
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, 1975
Box 683, Folder 15
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, 1975-1977
Box 684, Folder 1-3
American Indians, 1975-1976
Box 684, Folder 4
Arrest and Conviction, Employers Study, 1975
Box 684, Folder 5
Arrest Records, 1975-1977
Box 684, Folder 6
Bank Records, 1972-1973
Box 684, Folder 7-8
Bank Records, 1973-1976
Box 685, Folder 1
Bank Records - Policies on Confidentiality, 1972,1977
Box 685, Folder 2-3
Bank Records - State Legislation, 1973-1978
Box 685, Folder 4
Bill of Rights Procedures Act, 1977
Box 685, Folder 5
Border Searches, 1977
Box 685, Folder 6
Buckley Amendment, 1974-1977
Box 685, Folder 7-8
Buckley Amendment - Health, Education and Welfare Complaints, 1975-1977
Box 686, Folder 1
Casino Control Commission - New Jersey, 1977
Box 686, Folder 2
Census, 1978
Box 686, Folder 3
Child Abuse and Neglect, 1974-1977
Box 686, Folder 4-7
Commission on Federal Paperwork, 1975-1976
Box 686, Folder 7
Court Procedures, 1976-1978
Box 686, Folder 8
Credit Cards, 1976-1977
Box 686, Folder 9
Credit Reporting, 1974-1977
Box 686, Folder 10-11
Credit Reporting, 1974-1977
Box 687, Folder 1
Credit Reporting Legislation - State, 1974-1978
Box 687, Folder 2-3
Criminal Justice Records - Cases, 1975-1977
Box 687, Folder 4
Criminal Justice Records - Doe v. Briley, 1974-1975
Box 687, Folder 5
Criminal Justice Records - Federal Cases, 1974-1975
Box 687, Folder 6
Criminal Justice Records - Legislation and Testimony, 1974,1975,1978
Box 687, Folder 7
Criminal Justice Records - Menard v. Saxbe, 1974-1975
Box 687, Folder 8
Criminal Justice Records - Question 40, 1974-1976
Box 687, Folder 9
Criminal Justice Records - State and Local, 1974-1975
Box 687, Folder 10
Criminal Justice Records - State and Local, 1974-1978
Box 688, Folder 1-3
Criminal Justice Records - Tarlton v. Saxbe, 1975-1976
Box 688, Folder 4
Criminal Justice Records - Tatum v. Rogers, 1978
Box 688, Folder 5
Curfews - Adult, 1976-1977
Box 688, Folder 6
Curfews - Juveniles, 1975-1976
Box 688, Folder 7
Customs - Tax Lists, 1976
Box 688, Folder 8
Data Collection Laws, 1976-1977
Box 688, Folder 9
Data Collection Legislation - State, 1975
Box 688, Folder 10-11
Data Collection Legislation - State, 1975-1978
Box 689, Folder 1-4
Diversion - Pretrial Adult, 1973-1975
Box 689, Folder 5-7
Drug Laws - Marijuana, 1975-1976
Box 689, Folder 8
Drug Records and Programs, 1974-1977
Box 690, Folder 1-2
Eavesdropping, 1974-1978
Box 690, Folder 3-4
Eavesdropping - Private, 1974-1978
Box 690, Folder 5-6
Eavesdropping - State, 1975-1978
Box 690, Folder 7
Electronic Funds Transfers, 1974-1978
Box 691, Folder 1-2
Electronic Mail, 1977
Box 691, Folder 3
Employers and Employment Files, 1974-1978
Box 691, Folder 4-7
Fair Credit Reporting Act - Litigation, 1975
Box 691, Folder 8
Fair Credit Reporting Act - Litigation, 1977
Box 692, Folder 1
Handicapped - Data Banks, 1973-1975
Box 692, Folder 2
Handwriting Verification, 1977
Box 692, Folder 3
Harassment to Collect Debts, 1977-1978
Box 692, Folder 4
Hardware and Computer Security, 1976-1977
Box 692, Folder 5
Highway Patrol Observers, 1977
Box 692, Folder 6
Hospital Records - Interviews, 1976
Box 692, Folder 7
Identification - Government, 1975-1978
Box 692, Folder 8
Intelligence Campaign, 1976-1977
Box 692, Folder 9-10
Juvenile Delinquency Prediction, 1972-1975
Box 692, Folder 11
Juvenile Delinquency Prediction, 1973-1975
Box 693, Folder 1
Juvenile Justice, 1973-1976
Box 693, Folder 2-4
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration - Search Group, Inc., 1975-1978
Box 693, Folder 5-6
Legislation - Affiliate Notes, 1974-1978
Box 693, Folder 7
Libraries, 1974-1975
Box 694, Folder 1
Licensing of Data Processors, 1975
Box 694, Folder 2
Mailing Lists - Commercial Directories, 1976
Box 694, Folder 3
Media Access to Arrest Date, 1974-1978
Box 694, Folder 4
Medical Information and Employment, 1973-1978
Box 694, Folder 5-6
Medical Records - Canada, 1978
Box 694, Folder 7
Medical Records - General, 1974-1978
Box 694, Folder 8-9
Medical Records - General, 1974-1978
Box 695, Folder 1-2
Medical Records - Legislation, 1977-1978
Box 695, Folder 3-4
Medical Records and Insurance, 1974-1977
Box 695, Folder 5-6
Military Surveillance, 1974-1976
Box 695, Folder 7
National Security Surveillance - Cases, 1973-1975
Box 695, Folder 8
National Security Surveillance - Cases, 1975-1978
Box 696, Folder 1
National Security Surveillance - Domestic, 1973-1978
Box 696, Folder 2-3
Nuclear Energy, 1975-1977
Box 696, Folder 4-5
Parental Custody, 1975
Box 696, Folder 6
Parent Locator Service - Child Support, 1975-1978
Box 696, Folder 7-8
Parole, 1976
Box 696, Folder 9
Pen Registers, 1976-1978
Box 696, Folder 10
Police Undercover in Schools, 1974-1975
Box 697, Folder 1
Polygraphs, 1974-1978
Box 697, Folder 2-4
Prisons, 1975-1977
Box 697, Folder 5
Privacy Law Summaries - State, 1975-1977
Box 697, Folder 6
Private Security, 1973-1978
Box 697, Folder 7-9
Professional Standards Review Organization, 1973-1977
Box 698, Folder 1-3
Project Match - Welfare Fraud, 1977-1978
Box 698, Folder 4
Psychological Testing Children's Attitudes, 1973-1977
Box 698, Folder 5
Psychological Testing - Personnel, 1974-1978
Box 698, Folder 6-7
Psychological Testing - Schools, 1973-1975
Box 699, Folder 1-3
Psychiatric Confidentiality, 1974-1978
Box 699, Folder 4-7
Research and Statistics - Privacy of, 1974-1978
Box 700, Folder 1
Right to Privacy - State, 1977
Box 700, Folder 2
Right to Privacy - State Guides, 1975-1976
Box 700, Folder 3
Runaway Register, 1973
Box 700, Folder 4
School Health Surveys, 1975
Box 700, Folder 5
Searches and Warrants, 1974-1977
Box 700, Folder 6-7
Selective Service and Military, 1975-1978
Box 700, Folder 8
Sexual Privacy, 1974-1978
Box 700, Folder 9
Social Security Numbers, 1973-1976
Box 700, Folder 10-11
Social Security Numbers - Privacy Act, 1975-1977
Box 700, Folder 12
Social Security Numbers - Privacy Act, 1975-1978
Box 701, Folder 1
Southern Arrest Records Campaign, 1971-1977
Box 701, Folder 2
Sterilization, Abortion, Contraception, 1974-1977
Box 701, Folder 3
Student Records, 1973-1977
Box 701, Folder 4-6
Student Residency Requirements, 1977
Box 701, Folder 7
Surveillance - Local Police, 1974-1975
Box 701, Folder 8
Surveillance - Local Police, 1975-1977
Box 702, Folder 1-2
Surveillance - Local Police - Law Enforcement Intelligence Units, 1973-1977
Box 702, Folder 3-5
Taxes - Federal, 1973-1977
Box 702, Folder 6-7
Taxes - State, 1975-1977
Box 702, Folder 8
Telecommunications Act, 1977
Box 703, Folder 1
Telephone Records, 1975-1978
Box 703, Folder 2-3
Title XX, 1975-1976
Box 703, Folder 4-5
Voice Prints, 1976
Box 703, Folder 6
Welfare and Social Services, 1974-1978
Box 703, Folder 7-8
Youth Identity Cards, 1974
Box 703, Folder 9

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Mudd Manuscript Library